Television Is a Great Invention Free Essays

A few people say TV is the most exceedingly awful creations of present day times. They make this statement for certain reasons. The accompanying focuses are some of them. We will compose a custom paper test on TV Is a Great Invention or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now In the first place, they believe that TVs make individuals more uninvolved than previously. Second, they think TVs add to the way that individuals are increasingly far off to one another. Regardless, I should concede that the principal point is sensible. With a TV all you have to doâ€and everything you can do is to sit on an agreeable couch and take a gander at the screen. Individuals are turning out to be progressively detached essentially on the grounds that there is no association and no endeavors on them. Everything contains great side and terrible side and TV has no special case. No doubt, obviously, it makes individuals lazier and detached. They simply watch things on TV as opposed to doing without anyone else. In any case, aside from that, TV is by all methods an incredible creation. There is just a minority of individuals who can observe a few occasions on the scene, similar to some live matches and rivalries . So in what capacity can the remainder of individuals partake in the occasions a long way from the spot the occasions occur? Obviously through TV which all individuals are lawful and allowed to appreciate would we be able to do as such. What's more, to individuals who need to travel however with no cash, TV is without a doubt an extraordinary thing through which individuals can see the world just by sitting in a perfect world at home. To the subsequent point, I need to state that it is valid. TVs do make individuals less near one another. Family social affairs and discussions are upset by TVâ€when one part is sitting in front of the TV, he might want others to stay silent. However, everybody have time when the person in question is distant from everyone else. TV distances individuals not really as it gives a wide range of unwinding and diversion for individuals when they are separated from everyone else. Despite the fact that TV someone who is addicted a few youths to circumstance comedies; in spite of the fact that TVs put glasses on a large number of students’ noses; in spite of the fact that TV lessen correspondences among families and companions, the upsides of TV are unquestionably more than the damage it does to us. To us people, when we finish an entire day’s work and feel depleted both genuinely and intellectually, we may turn on TVs and have a decent unwinding; when we need to get data on sports?entertainment or huge occasions on the planet, we turn on TVs and get it from a wide range of TV programs; in any event, when we need to learn English?etiquette or custom of remote nations, we can turn on the TV and get what we need from them, generally. In a word, I think TV is an incredible creation which is of extraordinary centrality to the development of human culture. References: http://www.oppapers.com/articles/Television-Great-Invention/100718 http://www.media-awareness.ca/english/guardians/TV/good_things_tv.cfm http://articles.famouswhy.com/the_benefits_and_dangers_of_television/ http://wenda.tianya.cn/wenda/thread?tid=24535823bd68dd80 http://wenwen.soso.com/z/q138729005.htm The most effective method to refer to Television Is a Great Invention, Papers

1409 Final Review Essay

1409 Final Review Essay 1409 Final Review Essay For all segments you should know both structure and capacity, just as why these frameworks work along these lines. Part 26: Coordination by Neural Signaling The 2 pieces of the Central Nervous System and what is the capacity of each. Mind: tactile filaments, physical tangible, instinctive tactile; Spinal Cord: engine strands, substantial engine filaments, autonomic engine strands, thoughtful division, parasympathetic division. The fundamental pieces of the cerebrum and what every doe. Structure and capacity of the neuron: have the option to name it. Neurons are particular to lead nerve driving forces and those permit tactile data to arrive at CNS and nerve motivations permit CNS to convey engine orders in nerve filaments. 527 Know the various sorts of neurons and how they work in the sensory system. Engine: convey nerve driving forces from CNS to muscles or organs; tangible neurons: take nerve motivations from tactile receptors to CNS; Interneurons: equal the structure of engine neurons and their axons lead nerve driving forces between different pieces of the CNS. What is a â€Å"action potential†, how can it work? A fast change in extremity over an axon layer as the nerve motivation happens. On the off chance that an upgrade makes the axon film depolarize to a specific level, called limit, an activity potential happens in an all or none way. The entryways of sodium channels open, and sodium streams into the axon. As sodium moves to within the axon, the layer potential changes from - 65mV to +40mV. This is depolarization. The inversion in extremity causes the sodium channels to close and potassium to open. 528 What are synapses? How accomplish they work? Name explicit synapses and what they do. Compound put away at the parts of the bargains is answerable for transmission over a neural connection. 3 stages: 1-Nerve driving forces going along axon arrive at axon terminal , gated channels for calcium particles open and enter the terminal. 2-Neurotransmitter particles are discharged into the synaptic separated and they diffuse over the split to the postsynaptic layer. 3-They tie with explicit receptor proteins. Ach and NE-Associated with Alzheimers, ACh has either excitatory or inhibitory impact on smooth muscle and organs. Serotonin-engaged with thermoregulation, resting, feelings, and recognition. Dopamine and GABA-Dopamine is associated with feelings, control of engine capacity, and consideration. Endorphins-obstruct the arrival of substance P and is viewed as a characteristic painkiller. Graph on 542 How does caffeine, heroin, maryjane, meth, liquor, cocaine, bliss impact the CNS? Caffeine-helps keep an individual wakeful by meddling with the impacts of inhibitory synapses in the mind; Heroin-heads out quickly to the cerebrum where it is changed over to morphine which brings a surge of rapture. Cannabis Person encounters mellow rapture alongside changes in vision and judgment; Meth-energizer, it inverts the impacts of exhaustion, keeps up alertness and briefly hoists state of mind; Alcohol-depressant, expands the activity of GABA, which hinders engine neurons and builds the arrival of endorphins; Cocaine-energizer, meddles with the re-take-up of dopamine at neurotransmitters; ectasy-has an overstimulatory impact on neurons that produce serotonin to lift mind-set. What are the meninges? Where are they found? What is their capacity? Defensive membranous covers about the CNS(brain and spinal rope.) 534 Have the option to mark: the brain~~structure and capacity 536 Spinal Cord-place for some reflex activities and it gives a methods for correspondence among mind and spinal nerves; cerebrum ventricles-four of them, 2 parallel are inside the cerebrum, third is encircled by diencephalon, and fourth lies among cerebellum and the pons. Cerebrospinal liquid is persistently created in the ventricles and circles through them and streams out between the meninges; cerebrum-biggest segment of the mind for people, last focus to get tangible information and do reconciliation before telling deliberate engine reactions, partitioned

Minimalism Is Not a Radical Lifestyle

Minimalism Is Not a Radical Lifestyle When some people meet me, and they feel compelled to talk about minimalism, they think I live a radical lifestyle. They say things like I could never be a minimalist.  But the truth is that my lifestyle is not radical, and Im not a radical person. If you met me today, and we didnt talk about minimalism (which we probably wouldnt), you wouldnt think my lifestyle is much different from yours: I dont count my stuff, but I have hundreds of things, even after I got rid of 90% of my stuff: I own a car. I own pots and pans and kitchen utensils. I own a queen-size bed. I own a smartphone. I own a laptop. I own a desk. I own a guitar. I own some furniture. I own a shelf full of  books. I own a dresser and a washer and dryer and more than a few days worth of clothes. But there are three key distinctions: 1. I dont own excess. I have only the things I use frequently, things that add value to my life; but I dont have extra stuff, I dont have just-in-case items. If I wanted to change my lifestyle, then my definition of excess  would change, as well. For example, if I wanted to become a peripatetic writer, traveling the world like my friend Colin, then I would need to drastically reduce my possessions. But, at this point in my life, Im happy with where I live, and I dont desire to travel extensively. If that changes, then I will change. 2. I constantly question possessions. Do I still need this? When is the last time I used this? What would happen if I got rid of this? Could someone use this more than me? These are questions I consistently ask myself. Because I constantly question my possessions, I am in a perpetual state of paring down, which feels good. There is no endgame, I will never arriveâ€"I will continue the journey the rest of my life. 3. I dont give meaning to possessions. Most important, I understand that my possessions can be replaced. Someone recently asked me what I would grab if my apartment caught fire. Nothing,  I responded. Everything I own is replaceable.  Minimalism is not a radical lifestyle. Minimalism is a tool I use to get rid of unnecessary stuff and live a meaningful lifeâ€"a life filled with happiness, freedom, and conscious awareness. Because I strip away lifes excess, Im able to focus on the important parts of life: health, relationships, passions, growth, and contribution. Thats what living a meaningful life is about for me. How about youâ€"what could you strip away that would allow you to focus on the important aspects of your life? Subscribe to The Minimalists via email.

Cubic Feet to Cubic Inches Conversion

Converting cubic feet  to cubic inches  is a common English units conversion  problem. Here is the conversion factor and a worked example. Conversion Factor 1 cubic foot   1728 cubic inches 1 cubic inch 0.000578704 cubic feet Simple Example Convert 3.5 cubic feet into cubic inches.  When using a conversion factor, be sure the unit you are changing from gets canceled out. You can multiply by the conversion factor: 3.5 cubic feet x 1728 cubic inches per cubic foot 6048 cubic inches Worked Example You measure a box and find it is 2 foot  long, 1 foot  high, and 0.5 feet deep. The first step is to calculate the volume in cubic feet.  The volume of the box is length x width x height so the volume of the box is: 2 x 1 x 0.5   volume in cubic feet 1 cubic foot Now, to convert this to cubic inches, you know there are 1728 cubic inches in 1 cubic foot: 1 cubic foot x (1728 cubic inches / 1 cubic foot) volume in cubic inches 1 cubic foot x 1728 cubic inches/foot   volume in cubic inches 1728 cubic inches

Persuasive Essay On Animal Rights - 771 Words

Today we live in a world of opposites: animal lovers and activists who strive to make equality for all living things and people who have anthropocentric mindsets which causes them to believe that animals are undeserving of rights. Should not there be rights for all living things? Well, at least this is what I believe, and I did not come to this conclusion on my own. The way I view animal rights is tremendously influenced by my exposure to media, my personal experiences, and the values of my generation. Media has shaped my worldview because it is one of the main platforms used to spread awareness about animal rights. On the internet, I have learned about the inhumanity of animal testing, industrial farming, and about animals who were†¦show more content†¦Inspired by the values of my family, the morals of my faith, and the love I had for my personal pets, I started volunteering at rescues. Through volunteering, I learned of the complex characteristics and emotions of animals, and was educated about cruelty, responsible pet ownership, irresponsible breeding and learned about the sorrowful pasts of many animals at the rescue. Furthermore, through my experience of moving back and forth from Hawai`i to California, have seen a major difference in farming practices. In Hawai`i cows are grazing on vast and lush fields of grass, while many that I have seen in California have the cows packed together in a small space, permeating with an odor that can be smelled from miles away. Throu gh these instances, I realized that the choices people make dramatically affect the welfare of animals, which puts the responsibility on people to be more conscious of their actions and responsible in their choices. Finally, my generation has influenced my worldview because today many people advocate for animals through their lifestyle choices. There is a rise in popularity of vegetarian/vegan diets, which is largely due to awareness of the inhumanity and environmental impact that animal farming entails. Overall, the country is embracing eating less meat, many seeing it as an opportunity for a challenge and innovation,Show MoreRelatedPersuasive Essay On Animal Rights1526 Words   |  7 PagesAnimal testing has been one of the issues that people are fighting overtime because of its moral. Even though some results of tests are successful on people, many people are still fighting for the animal’s rights. They believe that animals should have their own rights to live a free life where they belong, just like their species. In scientists point of view, animals have been one of the main subjects to test on, but a lot of them are currently looking forward to use and develop alternatives forRead MorePersuasive Essay On Animal Rights1970 Words   |  8 PagesHumans will put them in fights. We kill them for food. We put wild animals on display. However they do so much more for mankind than we give them credit too, they are used in therapy, they rescue us and help in drugs exploitation. Do over 2,750 trillion deaths really justify the need for humans? Do people really stand above the moral laws and are able to do these horrible things to ones who can not speak? Animals should have the same rights as humans because they have similar systems to humans, humansRead MorePersuasive Essay On Animal Rights1754 Words   |  8 PagesAnimals had no rights until people and foundations came along to help. Animals are being used in medical schools, for testing, trained for films and being captivated in zoos. All this is causing a lot of harm to the animals. There are some Foundations that are fighting on the behalf of the animals. Animal Rights Animals have been alongside the human race since the beginning of time. They have been friends of the people and the help for ages, it is only right that they get repaid with kindness notRead More Organization is Crucial When Making a Sound Argument Essay example1114 Words   |  5 Pages The development of animal rights organizations in the past century has made hunting a heated topic for debate. Modernization has left the primitive form of hunting and gathering behind as an obsolete form of human survival. With this occurrence one would think that hunting would lose its popularity, but this statement couldn’t be farther from the truth. It has developed more as a sport and participation is still widespread throughout the United States. Animal rights groups are constantly makingRead MorePersuasive Essay Topics1228 Words   |  5 Pages101 Persuasive Essay Topics By: Mr. Morton Whether you are a student in need of a persuasive essay topic, or a teacher looking to assign a persuasive essay, this list of 101 persuasive essay topics should be a great resource. I taxed my brain to create this huge list of persuasive essay topics relevant to todays society, but I believe I am happy with the results. I appreciate any and all comments or feedback. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24Read MoreGeorge Orwell s Animal Farm1299 Words   |  6 PagesEssay 2: Politics and the English Language George Orwell’s Animal Farm is an allegoric, political satire rich in manipulation of language. In fact, some believe it was written for the purpose of portraying the Russian Revolution of 1917 and many years following which concluded in a â€Å"more oppressive, totalitarian, and far more deadly† government than its predecessors. Each of Orwell’s characters is also believed to represent principal figures of that time. The story opens on Manor Farm, an EnglishRead More`` Am I Blue `` By Alice Walker981 Words   |  4 PagesIn her essay, â€Å"Am I Blue,† Alice Walker argues how humans disregard the emotional similarities they share with animals. Walker incorporates in her argument the similarities between her emotions as a human, and the emotions of animals. Additionally, she presents her argument through the structure of the essay, and through her use of language. Furthermore, the overall argument of this essay is not only eye-opening, but also persua sive considering that it leaves the reader with a life question; whatRead MoreCommentary on Old Majors Speech Essay879 Words   |  4 PagesCommentary on Old Majors Speech Old Majors speech was directed to the animals. It was about over throwing the man and the animals should take over. It was all a rebellion. In this short essay I will describe the persuasive techniques used by Old Major to persuade his fellow animals to follow his dreams. I will include quotes and other important features used by Orwell. The main part of his speech is on his dream. Old Major the Middle White Boar chooses the placeRead MoreShooting an Elephant840 Words   |  4 PagesDISCUSS ORWELLS USE OF PERSUASIVE TOOLS SUCH AS, SYMBOLISM, METAPHORS AND IRONY IN THIS ESSAY AND EXPLAIN HOW HE USES EACH OF THESE TO CONVEY HIS ARGUMENT OR MESSAGE In the extract, Shooting An Elephant Orwell conveys his message through the use of various persuasive tools. He wants the reader to identify when somebody assumes power. This technique is used to show that the powerful are also a captive to the will of people they control. Everyone involved in the situation becomes affected. InRead MoreEssay about Animal Farm: The World and the Words 1041 Words   |  5 Pages Animal Farm is a masterfully written cynical exploration into the abuse of power through language.c George Orwells book provides a theory of power structures, equality and the very nature of human character. As a short, ten-chaptered essay, this book has made its mark on the communist and authoritarian societies with the cutting morals and the phrase â€Å"All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others† In the beginning, Mr. Jones is an antagonistic study into Czar Nicholas II

Lockheed Tri Star Free Essays

Investment Analysis and Lockheed Tri Star Problem Sets February 25, 2013 1a. The results of NPV, payback and IRR calculations are the following. For payback method, Rainbow Product will pay back the original investment costs after 7 years. We will write a custom essay sample on Lockheed Tri Star or any similar topic only for you Order Now Net Present Value is -$946 and IRR is 11. 49%. Rainbow Products should not purchase the machine according to the results of NPV and IRR calculation. The net present value of purchasing this new equipment is negative, and the internal rate of return is less than the cost of capital; thus both calculations confirm that the investment will not provide additional value to the company. Of course the payback method shows that the instrument will have paid back the cost in 7 years but does not take into consideration discounting present values. 1b. If Rainbow accepts the â€Å"Good As New† service plan, net present value will be a positive $2,500 and IRR will be 12. 86%, greater than the cost of capital. The investment would also pay back the cost in 8 years. Rainbow should purchase the machine under this service plan as it results in a positive net value and the internal rate of return is greater than the cost of capital. c. If Rainbow chooses the reinvestment option, net present value is $15,000 and IRR is 15. 43%. Therefore, the best investment decision is to accept option C, where engineers reinvest 20% of the savings that help cash flows grow 4% in perpetuity. Figure 1 (applicable to question 1a~1c) 2. Using the IRR rule, I recommend renting a larger stand as it yields the greatest rate of return. Using the NPV rule, I recommend building a larger stand. IRR rule can be misleading in this case as this problem is comparing 4 mutually exclusive projects and given the stats, IRR for one out of four of these projects yields a much higher value, but none of these IRR values take discounting rate into consideration. Therefore, NPV is a better method. Figure 2 3. The NPV of this project is $100,000. 1,100 shares of common stock should be issued at the current price of $100. Issuing new stocks will increase shares of the stock in the market and therefore reduce the value of the stock of existing shareholders. Lockheed Tri Star Case Questions At 210 unit production levels, the true value of the Tri Star program is negative $584. 04 million. At break-even production of 300 units, Lockheed actually lost roughly $274 million. At around 400 production units, Lockheed would achieve economic break even. The decision to pursue the Tri Star program was unreasonable due to a miscalculated break even point. At 210 unit production, the net present value was roughly negative $182 million referring that Lockheed would have needed to produce somewhere between 210 units to 300 units to achieve true break even. In addition, given the overly optimistic 10% growth rate that calculated double the total of true aircraft market, Lockheed would have needed to either capture more than 50% of the market for aircraft to breakeven. Between 1967 and 1971, the price of Lockheed’s common stock dropped about $50. With 11. 3 million shares outstanding, this comes to about -$565 million. We see that the original NPV with 210 unit production results in about similar value as the drop in the total value of the common stocks outstanding. How to cite Lockheed Tri Star, Papers

Lockheed Tri Star Free Essays

Investment Analysis and Lockheed Tri Star Problem Sets February 25, 2013 1a. The results of NPV, payback and IRR calculations are the following. For payback method, Rainbow Product will pay back the original investment costs after 7 years. We will write a custom essay sample on Lockheed Tri Star or any similar topic only for you Order Now Net Present Value is -$946 and IRR is 11. 49%. Rainbow Products should not purchase the machine according to the results of NPV and IRR calculation. The net present value of purchasing this new equipment is negative, and the internal rate of return is less than the cost of capital; thus both calculations confirm that the investment will not provide additional value to the company. Of course the payback method shows that the instrument will have paid back the cost in 7 years but does not take into consideration discounting present values. 1b. If Rainbow accepts the â€Å"Good As New† service plan, net present value will be a positive $2,500 and IRR will be 12. 86%, greater than the cost of capital. The investment would also pay back the cost in 8 years. Rainbow should purchase the machine under this service plan as it results in a positive net value and the internal rate of return is greater than the cost of capital. c. If Rainbow chooses the reinvestment option, net present value is $15,000 and IRR is 15. 43%. Therefore, the best investment decision is to accept option C, where engineers reinvest 20% of the savings that help cash flows grow 4% in perpetuity. Figure 1 (applicable to question 1a~1c) 2. Using the IRR rule, I recommend renting a larger stand as it yields the greatest rate of return. Using the NPV rule, I recommend building a larger stand. IRR rule can be misleading in this case as this problem is comparing 4 mutually exclusive projects and given the stats, IRR for one out of four of these projects yields a much higher value, but none of these IRR values take discounting rate into consideration. Therefore, NPV is a better method. Figure 2 3. The NPV of this project is $100,000. 1,100 shares of common stock should be issued at the current price of $100. Issuing new stocks will increase shares of the stock in the market and therefore reduce the value of the stock of existing shareholders. Lockheed Tri Star Case Questions At 210 unit production levels, the true value of the Tri Star program is negative $584. 04 million. At break-even production of 300 units, Lockheed actually lost roughly $274 million. At around 400 production units, Lockheed would achieve economic break even. The decision to pursue the Tri Star program was unreasonable due to a miscalculated break even point. At 210 unit production, the net present value was roughly negative $182 million referring that Lockheed would have needed to produce somewhere between 210 units to 300 units to achieve true break even. In addition, given the overly optimistic 10% growth rate that calculated double the total of true aircraft market, Lockheed would have needed to either capture more than 50% of the market for aircraft to breakeven. Between 1967 and 1971, the price of Lockheed’s common stock dropped about $50. With 11. 3 million shares outstanding, this comes to about -$565 million. We see that the original NPV with 210 unit production results in about similar value as the drop in the total value of the common stocks outstanding. How to cite Lockheed Tri Star, Papers

Effects of Genetic Food Modulation-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about how people are suffering due to hunger all over the world. Answer: Introduction Nowadays many people in the emerging world is suffering from hunger and starvation as the food produces is less than the production of population, therefore less number of choices are available. Thus advances in science and knowledge are critically has meet the unnerving challenges by feeding the worlds population (ScienceDirect, 2018). Genetic modified technology has allowed most of the people in globally to have access to a diverse and abundant supply of food stock that is safe to eat. Apart from that it is comparatively more nutritious and additional less expensive (QUARTZ, 2018). Genetic engineering Genetic engineering is used for controlling gens in an organism which proves to make organism better. Most of the genetic engineering is practiced in agriculture sector. Genetic Engineering has several benefits in the production of food industry which oppose to unfavorable climatic conditions, insect infections and saves form disease (Harlander, Roller 2012). It also reduces the amount of efforts needed on farming, thus saves the energy. Genetic engineering is the reason for reducing the world hunger as it severs the food at low price. It is used to change and improve the organism. The genetically modified methods provide economic growth to farmers which lead to food safety. Genetic engineering is faster and trending in the world as it prevents undesirable gens from entering in the breed (Conserve Energy Future, 2018). There are several benefits of genetic engineering in agricultural sector, economic sector to food processing methods. As by using Genetic methodology (GM) the production of food crops has increased to millions, in short it is estimated that around 300 million acre land is required. This was made possible by availability of bio technologies which maintained the level of production of food (Walsh and Rooyen, 2015). Not only agricultural sector is benefited by there is a high economic gain by the advanced genetic production as it reduces the cost of pesticide and usage of herbicides (Thebalance, 2018). Effects of Genetic food modulation This genetic technology started in year 2011 by common wealth scientific and industrial research team of Australia, there are various reasons why this technology is been practiced. As the population is rising day by day, the expansion of worlds population provides involvement of using GMO. The major contribution of GMO is to remove starvation around the world. Obliteration of hunger globally is n higher priority of GMO. Justification As the population is increasing rapidly demand for crops is boosting globally. Therefore it is important to improve the production of crops. The current scenario showcase that the rate of increase in crop yield is 1.7% only, on the other hand annual increment in need of crop yields should is around 2.4% to meet the demands of people. Therefore, to meet the demand of people and serve the population with nutritional food is possible only by adopting means of optimization of crop. It is one of the important topic has it is beneficial in terms of potential risks and environmental effects for both consumers and producers of food. Genetically modified organism basically aims for curing all the short term and long lasting health problems (Tumushabe, 2018.). Statics showed that genetically modified food is increasing the yield of production of food by more than 22% thats the reasons it is been used. Specially, where the problem of food used to occur have adopted genetically modified method. It is important as it provides food security by increasing yield it is used in various industries from medical industry to natural environmental. It provides immunity to diseases. It is a set of technology which changed the structure of cells and it is responsible for life on the Earth. Genetic engineering also plays a key role in medical industry for diagnosing several diseases and defects in clinical (Rosen and Shapouri, 2018.). Detection methods are prepared to reduce the control of these organisms. It also provides advanced considerate of function and organization. There are food crises all over the world. Farmers in country lose some millions of corers every year in pests and curing of diseases due to lack of facilities. To increase the resistance of pests and insects genetic modification is used in order to boost the productivity and overall food supply so that there is no starvation. As consumption of food has increased in the recent decades the industry is focusing on improving the quality of production basically improving nutritional properties. The reduction of production cause huge risk and massive economic loss, therefore development of new technology has provided industry the opportunity for better food process. In last years the level of availability of food tock as gown downwards, as the production of crop is vulnerable according to the climatic conditions and other natural disasters. World Health Organization (WHO) have also provided high marks to GM crops as it provides safety assessments and reduces the risk in human health. According to World Health Organization no effects on human health is noted due to consumption of GM food and have been approved for the consumption. Apart from that population is growing day by day, the predication for production of mass is uncertain. This is the reason food shortage occur in some countries. The problem of food shortage is resolved by new biotechnology which offers tool by which satisfactory amount of food is produced, which assures food has been supplied to entire population (Von et. al, 2015.). Genetic modified technology has gained popularity in the eras it makes the product available in the market. Also, it is more appropriate for development of market strategies of the product. The development of this technology has benefited the development of communication between consumers. Operational communication helps consumers in making decisions about the products (Osiemo, 2018.). Apart from that GMO involves production of high quality of food by manipulating the composition of carbohydrates. It also improves food processing methodology by modifying it, it not only modifies the plant production but it is also valid for animal products. Genetic modification provides several profits by increasing yield, reducing cost and decrease environmental damage. It also provides modified quality of food by offering improved food to the consumer. This truly improves the flavors of the product which upsurges the economic impact in the market. As the production can be done is less time, and requirement of less land which resolves the problem of soil erosion or environmental problems. It is also used for vaccination purpose as it generates protein and according to scientific research the modification of crop reduces crop failures and reduces the chances of diseases (Godfray and Garnett, 2014). Hunger Problem in Africa In last years the cry for hunger has widespread across Africa. In this country millions of people are undernourished. Millions of individuals were dying due to hunger chronic and threats. Food crises in Africa were growing yearly then effort of New Green Resolution was taken to provide at least double of yield production (Pray and Ledermann, 2016). Hunger is constant pain for Africans and is resolved by feeding programs in the areas where there is lack of food. Preventing and overcoming the fight of malnutrition and saving the people who are starving. The reason for this suffer is extreme poverty in the country, climate changes to growth of population. Still there are around more than 800 million individuals who sleep without eating or dying due to starvation. By genetic modulation of food technology it can be thought of ending the hunger problem in the world (Walsh and Van, 2015). Especially African countries have adopted this technology which supported farmers to access to better seeds and techniques. The significance of GMO is ending the hunger problem in the world, supporting malnutrition and overcoming the problem of poverty. Africa took a step ahead for overcoming the fight against hunger and malnutrition. GMO helps countries who are suffering from food insecurity and prosperity. Therefore, Africa focuses on increasing the production of crops for improving food security (Biesalski et. al, 2016.). But the problem of malnutrition needs to be solved too. Farmers are guided to solve the problem of nourishing. The problem of hunger in Africa was resolved by genetically modified crops for public controversy. It increases the production of food in Africa and made food available to wider range. It impacts the food nutrients by growing the economic access to food (Zheng, Tashiro, Wang and Sonomoto, 2015). The main reason behind hunger in Africa was unexpected drought condition, poor harvest methodology. The less food gets harvested which is one of the reason for hunger. It was estimated by UN Food and Agriculture Organization that 233 million people were undernourished in 2016. One of the benefits of GMO has helped in undertaking the problem of food hunger. Growing of these crops has proven the growth in agriculture segment. The GM technology has produced economic growth in the country which leads to resolve the problem of starvation. These crops are feeding more people as they are cheaper to grow and extended the time and increased yields to provide food to hungry. GM crops are severing profit to the industry as it is pushing farmers by advanced technology to develop more crops. Not only reducing food hunger it has largely beneficial for society as it improves food protection. It produces animals and plants with beneficial qualities and has become a part for improvement in food industry (Hu and Xiong, 2014). Another challenge is growing of the gap between food securities around the world. Some of food which gets harvested remains unused because of poor handling of the food processing step. Starvation and malnutrition is spreading all over including Africa. To decrease the gap food distribution system is important. Meeting the needs of growing population by increasing the production of millions of people is a difficult task. But to endure the issue of hunger and starvation application of genetic modulation is used to neglect hunger and fed population growth (Ali et. al, 2014). Application of GMO has intensely enlarged the production of food keeping in mind about the population growth. It has increased the variety of production by substantial cost. Proving nutrients and high graded food is possible by this technology. Due to the advanced technologies it has led to reduction in nutrient deficiency as it generally offers safe food supply to the society with consistent high quality. By using GMO food supply is available independently in all the seasons and wide variety of food choices is available at all the time. It has also reduced food waste and lowered the household costs than before as the production supply the market is served at nominal price. The food requires usually less preparation time than beforehand, also promises for efficient global food distribution. Food is dominant or directly related to human health, not only quantity is considered but quality of food plays an important role as well. The past few decades have perceived to be the alarming years in increasing of chronic diseases such as diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular disease as well as autoimmune diseases (Runge, Senauer, Pardey and Rosegrant, 2015). Basic research showed that for growing body food and diet are significant factors . Occurrence of these diseases in human body is profound to be a risk factor as involvement in the etiology of diseases. Therefore, whether it is food safety or food security prevention of disease and nutrient deficiency need to be resolved as it is directly connected to human well-being. Problem Solved by using GMO This technology has resolved the problem of hunger in Africa and showed hoe his technology has achieved the production of food by feeding millions of people. It also assured the health condition and wellness of the population (Kogen, 2015). GMO technology has met the need of society by adequate production of food. Food system produced by GMO is safe, reliable and less costly. Bio technology method helps in modifying the problem of inadequate nutrition. Low availability of food is major reason of using GMO as genetic alterations protect plant and insects against pests. It is most commonly used for overcome the demand of food and serve quality services to the customers in terms of product. To overcome the hunger and poverty GMO act as a fast market for serving food consumption. It assures that there will be no damage in the health of an organism (Nicolia, Manzo, Veronesi and Rosellini, 2014.). GMO supports in providing more food in less amount of land according to the biotechnologies GMO improves the livelihood globally. It is also used to reduce pesticides and increases the yields for preventing the damage ecologically. It is the tool which was used by Africans to fight against dissimilarity and avoid hunger and poverty in the world. Genetically modified crops possibly fail to germinate rather than it kill organisms additional to pests that are beneficial for reducing soil fertility and provides resistance to virus and protect crop species. Conclusion Genetic modification is one of the reasons to provide alteration in food stock. Many farmers in Africa have adopted this technology to resolve the issue of starvation in Africa. In this method all food is modified genetically, seeds dont grow naturally due to some issues thats the reason why GMO is used to feed the population all over the world. To feed the fast growing population traditional methods wouldnt be sufficient. Therefore, selective GM methods are used and they are used for improvement of health condition and the environment factors. Thus with the experience of new technology of GM, it indicates that hungry world can be served with quality of food. In short it escapes the hunger and malnutrition from the society. References Ali, A., Muzaffar, A., Awan, M.F., Din, S., Nasir, I.A. and Husnain, T., 2014. Genetically Modified Foods: Engineered tomato with extra advantages.Adv. life sci,1(3), pp.139-152. Biesalski, H.K., Black, R.E. and Koletzko, B. eds., 2016.Hidden hunger: Malnutrition and the first 1,000 days of life: Causes, consequences and solutions(Vol. 115). Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers. Conserve Energy Future, 2018, what is Genetic Engineering, viewed 11 February, https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/what-is-genetic-engineering.php . Godfray, H.C.J. and Garnett, T., 2014. Food security and sustainable intensification.Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B,369(1639), p.20120273. Harlander, S, Roller S 2012, Genetic Modification in the Food Industry: A Strategy for Food Quality Improvement, Springer Science Business Media. Hu, H. and Xiong, L., 2014. Genetic engineering and breeding of drought-resistant crops.Annual review of plant biology,65, pp.715-741. Kogen, L., 2015. Not up for debate: US news coverage of hunger in Africa.International Communication Gazette,77(1), pp.3-23. Nicolia, A., Manzo, A., Veronesi, F. and Rosellini, D., 2014. An overview of the last 10 years of genetically engineered crop safety research.Critical reviews in biotechnology,34(1), pp.77-88. Osiemo, O., 2018. Saving Africa: The GMO Cold War and the Battle for Africa.Journal of World Trade,52(1), pp.143-162. Pray, C. and Ledermann, S., 2016. Genetically engineered crops and certified organic agriculture for improving nutrition security in Africa and South Asia. InHidden Hunger(Vol. 115, pp. 175-183). Karger Publishers. QUARTZ, 2018, Genetic Modified-ODI, viewed 11 February, https://qz.com/740532/there-will-be-1-8-billion-indians-by-2050-gm-crops-are-the-only-way-to-feed-them-all/ . Rosen, S. and Shapouri, S., 2018. Global Hunger at Its Roots.Aquaculture,3, p.00. Runge, C.F., Senauer, B., Pardey, P.G. and Rosegrant, M.W., 2015. Ending hunger in Africa. ScienceDirect, 2018, Genetically modified foods: A critical review of their promise and problems, Viewed 10 February, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213453016300295 . Thebalance, 2018, Can Genetically Modified Food Feed the World, viewed 12 February, https://www.thebalance.com/can-genetically-modified-food-feed-the-world-375634 Tumushabe, J.T., 2018. Climate Change, Food Security and Sustainable Development in Africa. InThe Palgrave Handbook of African Politics, Governance and Development(pp. 853-868). Palgrave Macmillan, New York. Von Grebmer, K., Bernstein, J., de Waal, A., Prasai, N., Yin, S. and Yohannes, Y., 2015.2015 Global hunger index: armed conflict and the challenge of hunger. Intl Food Policy Res Inst. Walsh, C.M. and Van Rooyen, F.C., 2015. Household food security and hunger in rural and urban communities in the Free State Province, South Africa.Ecology of food and nutrition,54(2), pp.118-137. Walsh, C.M. and Van Rooyen, F.C., 2015. Household food security and hunger in rural and urban communities in the Free State Province, South Africa.Ecology of food and nutrition,54(2), pp.118-137. Zheng, J., Tashiro, Y., Wang, Q. and Sonomoto, K., 2015. Recent advances to improve fermentative butanol production: genetic engineering and fermentation technology.Journal of bioscience and bioengineering,119(1), pp.1-9.

Thalasemmia Essay Research Paper Over 2000000 American free essay sample

Thalasemmia Essay, Research Paper Over 2,000,000 American # 8217 ; s are bearers of the familial trait for Thalassemia, a fatal blood disease. It is besides the most common individual cistron upset in the universe. This disease which prevents normal hemoglobin production in the blood, is curently uncurable, and until late merely allow its victim unrecorded no longer so the first decennary of their life. Thalassemia is a serious familial disease that afflicts kids and grownups all around the universe. In order to understand Thalassemia, one must understand the physiolgy of blood. Blood, the bearer of nutrition and waste in our organic structures, contains a protein called haemoglobin. Hemoglobin is entirely responsible for the conveyance of O from the lungs to cells through out the organic structure. It is imperative that haemoglobin is readily avaible in the blood to guarantee cells can work decently. There are three types of haemoglobin. One is Hemoglobin A, which is the most prevailing in grownups. We will write a custom essay sample on Thalasemmia Essay Research Paper Over 2000000 American or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Hemoglobin A is composed of two alpha hematohistons and two beta hematohistons. There are two mior haemoglobins names A2 and F. Hemoglobin A2 is composed of 2 alpha and two delta hematohistons. Finally, haemoglobin F, predominatntly found in babies, is composed of 2 alpha hematohistons and 2 gamma hematohistons. In a normal human being the hematohistons that do up haemoglobin would be produced at certain times in a human # 8217 ; s life. Initially, while it is a foetus, the homo would incorporate high sums of haemoglobin F, and therefore be bring forthing alpha and gamma hematohistons in bulk. However one time a babe is born, gamma hematohiston production beads and is countered by beta hematohiston production, therefore leting hemoglobin A to be created. Delta globins besides increase one time a homo is turning but they are instead insignificantly low in Numberss. In a thalassaemia patient, the cistrons that code for the production of certain globlins are either mutated or destroyed. This misinformation in the familial codification, leads to an unnatural ratio of hematohistons go forthing excessively many odd hematohistons and the look of thalassaemia. In thalamessia, normally one type of hematohistons is produced at normal degrees while is brace is non. The hematohiston produced in normal degrees and those that do non becom paired for ruddy cell sums which prove to be harmful to ruddy blood cells. These aggregrates, destruct the cell membrance of atoms which leads to hemolysis, the devastation of ruddy cells, or eeythropoices, the unnatural growing of ruddy blod cells. The sum at which these ruddy cell aggregrates and the belongingss of them specify which type and the serverity of thalassaemia a patient has.

Raise Money to Publish Your Books

Raise Money to Publish Your Books I receive a dozen requests for money to publish per week. Sometimes more. Some just want me to write them a check. Others want me to point them to a grant that covers all costs. Sometimes I can find a small grant for them to apply to (usually in the hundreds at most), but I always point them toward crowdfunding. Youd be amazed at how many people dont want crowdfunding. The reasons are crazy (and these are from actual emails): 1) You have to work too hard; 2) You have to understand how to do a video; 3) You have to know people to promote to; 4) Part of the money goes to someone else (i.e., the crowdfunding entity); 5) Most crowdfunding doesnt succeed, so the odds of failing make it not worth the trouble; 6) I dont like marketing. Well, sweet people, if you think any of the above, then you really should not be publishingperiod. You will experience all of the above (with maybe the exception of the video) in whatever publishing experience you choose. Writers all over the world are choosing crowdfunding to jump-start their books. In case you do not understand crowdfunding, it consists of this: 1) You study publishing projects on crowdfunding sites to get an idea of what makes for success. 2) You sign up with your project at one of the crowdfunding sites (Kickstarter.com, Indiegogo.com,RocketHub.com, Unbound.com, Crowdfunder.co.uk). 3) You decide how much you need (you pad it with the fee of the crowdfunding entity). 4) You decide what rewards you want to give to pledgers who offer to support your project (you work the expense of those rewards into your budget). 5) You set a time frame for supporters to pledge. 6) You post your video, budget, justification, endorsers, and/or description of your book/project. 7) You work it like a blog, a newsletter, a social media page. 8) You ask for support. You promote. You seek endorsements. Again, you promote. Learn more here: https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/sep/14/how-kickstarter-became-one-of-the-biggest-powers-in-publishing-crowdfunding You want money to publish your book? Crowdfund. If you find you arent successful crowdfunding, then step back and study what you need to change, because its your prowess at crowdfunding that serves as a barometer as to how well youd sell any book.with any publisher.in any genre.at any time.

Composer report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Composer report - Essay Example analysis because of his multifaceted performance since he was not only outstanding composer, but also talented conductor, poet-playwright, publicist and theorist of musical theatre. Almost alone, Wagner created an entire trend such as musical drama. The most distinguished thing that a lot of his works are characterized with is a prominent role of mystical symbolism, which always inspired composer and fascinated intellectual audience. Wagner’s contribution to the world culture is defined, first of all, with operatic reform, which led to the dominant implementation of recitative style, popularization of symphonic operas with the help of leitmotifs and refusal from tradition operatic forms like aria or ensemble. The centre of Wagner’s performance is a synthesis of arts representing combination of music, poetry and theatrical play that are able to create overall picture of events. The music of Wagner is saturated with painful search for happiness, intention for heroic deeds and recurrent presence of deception, violence and treachery that often darken the real life. The composer’s style is characterized with excessive tragedy and actualization of myths. While listening to Wagner’s music, it is possible to feel grandeur, power, potency, audacity and determination of the creator. Wagner is miscellaneous in his representations. Hence, â€Å"Spring Waltz† is airy, light, melodic, playful and exciting set of notes, while â€Å"Die Walkure† attracts with its loudness, anxiety and expressiveness that merely cause heartache. This is typical for Wagner to be ostentatious and even scandalous right in a focus of public attention. Such nature of composer can be easily tracked and reflected in his music that presents a great surge of emotions for the

Professional Nursing Boundaries Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Professional Nursing Boundaries - Essay Example Other boundaries include respecting the integrity of personal information, separating the professional demands from emotions, inability to call patient nicknames such as honey or sweetie (Barton, n.d). In addition, professionals can not touch the patients in appropriately and the demeanor of the physician should always be professional. In addition, tips, gifts or favors are also boundaries that exist in all health care settings (Barton, n.d). In the situation where I would witness a colleague violating professional boundaries, I would first confront him or her and explain the situation. Depending on the nature of the situation, I would observe and see if he or she makes any changes. If the colleague continues to violate the boundaries, I would have no choice but to report the issue to my superiors. However, if the violation involves more serious scenarios that jeopardize the health of the patient, I would report the situation

Pleading For A Biosocial Perspective In Criminology Criminology Essay

Pleading For A Biosocial Perspective In Criminology Criminology Essay Criminology traditionally has a multidisciplinary character. However, sociology was the reigning paradigm that dominated the study of crime in the 20th century. Despite of tremendous progress in molecular and behavioral genetics, biological knowledge is not yet implemented in contemporary criminology. The present review therefore takes aim at developing a constructive view on criminal behavior by using an interdisciplinary perspective that encompass both sociological and biological frameworks. First, the current position of biosocial criminology in society will be discussed. Second, possible reasons why the biological paradigm is held outside criminology will be examined. Thereafter the various biological disciplines with their added value to criminology will be described, thereby having a closer look on behavioral genetics. Finally, the review will conclude that biological insights are indispensable while unraveling the etiology of criminal behavior. The crime problem Crime is a major problem for society. In the mid 90-ties the annual cost of crime to each U.S. citizen was more than 4000 dollar (Walsh Ellis, 2004). Crime occurs in different forms by varying from simple shoplifting to very serious offenses like homicide and raping. The heterogeneous nature of criminal behavior makes it difficult to unravel the causes of crime. Historically, the explanation of crime shifted from a devil based view in medieval times into a more scientific view, which is theory driven and multidisciplinary (Ferguson Beaver, 2009). Despite of the multidisciplinary character of criminology, the last few decades there has been a purely environmental approach declaring criminal behavior. Although these environmental approaches offer some explanatory power, a more integrated perspective towards crime is needed for scientific progress (Eliaerts Snacken, 2000). In order to develop a more nuanced and broader approach, there is recently more attention on biological factors in addition to sociological factors while explaining delinquency. However, this biosocial perspective has only a handful of supporters and can count on much criticism from environmental criminologists. In this view, it is remarkable that closely related disciplines such as psychiatry and behavioral genetics have applied the biological paradigm in the explanation of psychopathological behavior for many years now (Moffit, 2005). Research has consistently shown that individual differences in psychopathological behavior are partly due to genetic influences (Boomsma, Busjahn, Peltronen, 2002). Crime is behavior as well and can then be explained as the product of both genetic and environmental variation. Insights in biology are thus indispensable in the explanation of crime (Donker, 2000). The present review therefore takes aim at introducing the biological paradigm to criminology and will discuss why biological explanations are still underexposed in the explanation of crime. Furthermore there will be discussed what the relatively new field of behavioral genetics can add to current criminology. Biosocial criminology Biology is pre-eminently the discipline which made tremendous progress in recent decades. Discoveries in the field of genetics have affected the medical community permanently as well as behavioral geneticists who eagerly build upon the insights of contemporary biology (Delisi, Beaver, Wright Vaughn, 2008). A striking example of this is the Human Genome Project: in which an international group of scientists has identified the genetic makeup of human species by determining the sequence of all the nucleotides in human DNA. Completely contrarian to this development, criminological scholars have held the biological paradigm outside their theories for years. Sociological criminology was the reigning paradigm that dominated the study of crime in the 20th century (Walsh Beaver, 2009). There may be multiple reasons to explain the rigid use of this limited approach. The exclusively environmental approach towards crime is partly due to the fact that criminologists traditionally are trained in a predominantly sociological schooling. These scholars often become specialized in one of the classic sociological approaches explaining criminal behavior such as strain theory (deviation as the result of the mismatch between culturally induced aspirations for economic success and structurally distributed possibilities of achievement) or  ¿Ã‚ ½routine activity ¿Ã‚ ½ theory (focuses on crime opportunities in everyday life such as lack of a guardian), thereby not taking other explanations in consideration (Walsh Ellis, 2004; Gottfredson Hirschi, 1990). Another reason is the reputation of early biological research. Current biological approaches still suffer from the image of the Italian school of Cesare Lombroso in the nineteenth century. Lombroso was an Italian prison doctor who believed that crime was (biologically) caused, not chosen. In his most famous work Criminal Man he postulated that crime was caused by biological defects in inferior  ¿Ã‚ ½atavistic ¿Ã‚ ½ individuals who were  ¿Ã‚ ½throwbacks ¿Ã‚ ½ from an earlier evolutionary stage of human development. Although Lombroso has published a lot about the origins of delinquency, he is recognized and criticized most about his idea of physiognomy: the born criminal could be distinguished by physical characteristics such as large jaws and high cheekbones (Gottfredson Hirschi, 1990). It is this reputation, the not very sophisticated methodology used by early founders of biological theory, which still puts biosocial criminology in a bad light (Walsh Beaver, 2009). Another explanation why biology has become common in related disciplines, but not in criminology could lie in the fact that there is a general fear for genetic determinism among social scientists (Delisi, Beaver, Wright Vaughn, 2008). Biosocial criminology urges a greater philosophical question whether an individual still has freedom to act if his behavior is biologically caused. Opponents argue that free will, as the foundation of our legal system, would be undermined if crime has genetic origins (Levitt Manson, 2007). It is clear that there are legal and ethical issues arising from behavioral genetics and neuroscience and these concerns should be taken into meticulous consideration. In biosocial criminological circles it is widely acknowledged that there are ethical drawbacks to a strict biological approach and the large majority of these authors aim to have a biosocial perspective on crime rather than genetic determinism (Walsh Ellis, 2004). However, sometimes scientific findin gs are erroneously used by the uninitiated. Recently an Italian court has reduced the sentence of a murderer after identifying genes linked to violent behavior (Nature, 2009). It is this type of events which shapes the fear of genetic research. Logically, behavioral geneticists from all over the world have challenged this ruling. Contemporary knowledge in genetics is surely not capable of predicting behavior on an individual level, but only in large population statistics (Boomsma et. al, 2006). Therefore allegations which equate behavioral genetics with genetic determinism are based on irrational fear and should be fought against. The paragraph above mentioned that there are multiple causes for the unpopularity of biosocial criminology. The bad reputation is partly due to an unfounded fear of genetic determinism which in itself is linked to methodological shortcomings of early biological criminologists. Nowadays the methodological tools have become one of the strengths of biology which is, as an exact discipline, characterized by empirical research (Walsh Ellis, 2004). Subsequently, the contemporary zeitgeist seems to be more receptive for further insights and the resistance against biology will gradually diminish (Eliaerts Snacken, 2000). So, if we can overcome the fear for genetics and biological knowledge can be used for criminological purposes, what has this discipline to offer then? There are roughly three biological disciplines relevant to criminology: neuroscience, evolutionary biology and genetics. The basics of neuroscience must become part of every criminologist ¿Ã‚ ½s repertoire since the brain is the place where genetic dispositions and environmental experiences are integrated. Scientific data indicates that self-control, as an important concept in criminology, is housed in the frontal and prefrontal cortex and that it involves a complex, dynamic balancing of limbic and cortical functioning (Wright et al., 2008 ). Neuroscience can thus provide criminology with a solid foundation for, and a more sophisticated understanding of, many of its central elements. Evolutionary biology seeks to understand the adaptive function of a mechanism in terms of its survival and reproductive value. Applied to crime the question would be: what was (and still is) the evolutionary relevant purpose of a criminal act? These kind of ultimate-level  ¿Ã‚ ½why ¿Ã‚ ½ questions can complement genetics because it informs us how the genes of interest came to be present in the first place (Walsh Beaver, 2009). Last but not least, genetics has become a rapidly growing discipline which can be very valuable for criminology. Given the strongly expanding nature of the field of genetics and the potential value it has for criminology, behavioral genetics, as an important player in this field, will be further explored. Behavioral genetics Behavioral genetics is the application of quantitative genetics to the study of human traits and behaviors such as IQ, extraversion and delinquency (Boomsma, Busjahn Peltonen, 2002). This approach can also be used to tackle fundamental criminological issues, such as: to what extent can individual differences (variation) in criminal behavior be explained by genetic influences? Nevertheless, as already been mentioned, crime is a very heterogeneous and abstract concept. In order to decompose this variation (in crime) into a genetic and an environmental part, it is necessary to focus on specific crime related syndromes which can be operationalized. Hence, the present review will focus on aggressive behavior and rule-breaking behavior. Aggressive behavior and rule-breaking behavior are considered as behavioral subtypes of criminal behavior (Ferguson Beaver, 2009). Aggressive behavior in children is an enormous public health problem. Longitudinal research showed that childhood physical aggression is a precursor of being violent in adolescence and beyond (Stattin Magnusson, 1989). Furthermore, aggressive children are at higher risk of alcohol and drug abuse, accidents, violent crimes, suicide attempts and long term unemployment (Kokko Pulkkinen, 2000). Developmental studies have shown that aggressive behavior usually starts at a very young age and remains stable during life (Broidy, Nagin Tremblay, 2003). Likewise, early onset of rule-breaking behavior has proven to be a significant predictor for later delinquency. Krohn et al. reviewed nineteen criminal career studies and found that early onset offenders were forty times more likely to become habitual criminals than late onset offenders. With all of that said, t hese syndromes are highly associated with crime and therefore merit criminological attention. However, what could be the role of behavioral genetics in this? Twin studies and crime Individual differences in aggressive and rule-breaking behavior can be regarded as phenotypic variation. A phenotype is an observable characteristic of a certain trait and is the product of the interaction between the genotype and the environment. The phenotypic variation in these syndromes is therefore composed of two sources, the genes and the environment. Behavioral genetics seeks to understand both the genetic and environmental contributions to individual variations in human behavior. In order to determine the relative contribution of the genes and the environment twin studies are used, since they have genetically informative samples. Twin studies are based on the genetic relatedness between twins and their family members. In the classical twin design the correlation between monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs at a certain phenotype is compared with the correlation between dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs. Since MZ and DZ twins pairs are exposed to the same prenatal and postnatal environment, D Z pairs form the perfect control group of which the agreement between MZ-twin pairs can be compared with. The only difference between MZ and DZ twin pairs is that MZ twins share exactly the same genetic information, whereas DZ twins share on average 50% of their genes. Differences in MZ correlations and DZ correlations can therefore be attributed to genetic influences (Boomsma, Busjahn, Peltronen, 2002). Based on these twin studies heritability estimates can be made (if MZ twins have a higher correlation concerning aggressive and rule-breaking behavior than DZ twins this suggests that individual differences in these syndromes can be explained by genetic factors). Heritability is defined as the extent to which individual differences in genetic makeup contribute to individual differences in observed behavior. Concerning human behavior most of the estimates of heritability are in the range of .30 to .60. A meta-analysis conducted by Miles Carey (1997) showed that 50% of the variance in aggressive behavior could be explained by genetic effects. Subsequently similar heritability estimates have been reported concerning rule-breaking behavior (Bartels et al. 2004a, Bartels et al. 2004b). Twin studies can thus contribute to criminology, because they provide information on the extent to which individual differences in criminal behavior are influenced by genetics. To conclude: individual differences in aggressive and rule-breaking behavior can be partly explained by genetic factors. The high heritability estimates on these crime related syndromes suggest that there is likewise a strong genetic influence on general criminal behavior. Since aggression and rule-breaking behavior are strongly affiliated with criminal behavior, a study of the genetic etiology of these syndromes can ultimately generate fundamental knowledge for criminology. Conclusion Crime has always made its mark on society. For centuries governments have been trying to suppress crime through all kinds of punishment. In this fight it is of utmost importance that intervention strategies are based on reliable scientific knowledge (Donker, 2000). It is therefore desirable that criminology, which is eminently theoretical, will substantiate its rulings with empirical research. Present review has argued for an integrative view on crime whereby aspects of the biological sciences are added to traditionally criminological approaches. Biosocial criminology is not hostile to sociology and merely advocates for a broader, more powerful paradigm that encompass rather than dismiss the social. Any behavior is always the result biological factors interacting with environmental factors . A striking example of this interwoven theory is the gene-interaction effect. Multiple studies showed that child abuse in combination with genetic susceptibility can lead to an increasing risk of depression and even suicide later in life. Studying crime from a biological point of view has been taboo for decades but is now getting visible again, as demonstrated by the theme appeared in 2005: biosocial perspectives in criminology in the Dutch journal of Criminology. Despite this development, important scientific conclusions are often overlooked in policy. The Peoples Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD), currently[update] the largest political party in the Netherlands , can serve as an example here. While research constantly shows that more severe punishment is not functional, the VVD is calling for stricter penalties, which illustrates that the criminal law has not only to do with efficiency questions, but also has to deal with phenomena like retaliation. In sum, present review believes that the biological sciences have a bounty of treasures to offer criminology. Biosocial criminology will serve as the new paradigm capable of guiding the study of crime in the 21st century, which will be an important intellectual enterprise!

Biodiversity Outline

I. Introduction a. Over the past two decades, strong scientific evidence has emerged showing that loss of the world's biological diversity reduces the productivity and sustainability of natural ecosystems and decreases their ability to provide society with goods and services like food, wood, fodder, fertile soils, and protection from pests and disease. II. Body a. [Amphibians] No group of animals has a higher rate of endangerment than amphibians. Scientists estimate that a third or more of all the roughly 6,300 known species of amphibians are at risk of extinction i.The current amphibian extinction rate may range from 25,039 to 45,474 times the background extinction rate ii. Frogs, toads, and salamanders are disappearing because of habitat loss, water and air pollution, climate change and disease. iii. Because of their sensitivity to environmental changes, vanishing amphibians should be viewed as the canary in the global coal mine, signaling subtle yet radical ecosystem changes that could ultimately claim many other species, including humans. b. [Birds] Birds occur in nearly every habitat on the planet and are often the most visible and familiar wildlife to people across the globe.As such, they provide an important bellwether for tracking changes to the biosphere. Declining bird populations across most to all habitats confirm that profound changes are occurring on our planet in response to human activities. i. A 2009 report on the state of birds in the United States found that 251 (31 percent) of the 800 species in the country are of conservation concern. ii. Globally, BirdLife International estimates that 12 percent of known 9,865 bird species are now considered threatened, with 192 species, or 2 percent, facing an â€Å"extremely high risk† of extinction in the wild — two more species than in 2008. ii. Habitat loss and degradation have caused most of the bird declines, but the impacts of invasive species and capture by collectors play a big role , too. c. [Fish]Increasing demand for water, the damming of rivers throughout the world, the dumping and accumulation of various pollutants, and invasive species make aquatic ecosystems some of the most threatened on the planet; thus, it’s not surprising that there are many fish species that are endangered in both freshwater and marine habitats. i. The American Fisheries Society identified 700 species of freshwater or anadromous fish inNorth America as being imperiled, amounting to 39 percent of all such fish on the continent ii. In North American marine waters, at least 82 fish species are imperiled. Across the globe, 1,851 species of fish — 21 percent of all fish species evaluated — were deemed at risk of extinction by the IUCN in 2010, including more than a third of sharks and rays. d. [Invertebrates (depth into coral reefs)] Invertebrates, from butterflies to mollusks to earthworms to corals, are vastly diverse — and though no one knows just how many invertebrate species exist, they’re estimated to account for about 97 percent of the total species of animals on Earth.Of the 1. 3 million known invertebrate species, the IUCN has evaluated about 9,526 species, with about 30 percent of the species evaluated at risk of extinction. i. Freshwater invertebrates are severely threatened by water pollution, groundwater withdrawal, and water projects, while a large number of invertebrates of notable scientific significance have become either endangered or extinct due to deforestation, especially because of the rapid destruction of tropical rainforests. ii.In the ocean, reef-building corals are declining at an alarming rate: 2008’s first-ever comprehensive global assessment of these animals revealed that a third of reef-building corals are threatened. III. Conclusion a. While much concern over extinction focuses on globally lost species, most of biodiversity’s benefits take place at a local level, and conserving local po pulations is the only way to ensure genetic diversity critical for a species’ long-term survival. Not everything is lucid when it comes to biodiversity loss, but what it is clear that many thousands of species are at risk of disappearing forever in the coming decades.

Socialization is done when children follow the footsteps Essay

Socialization can be referred to as the process by where adults and children learn from each other. It is often said that socialization begins at home and this is true because it is the responsibility of the family to teach children from a very early age the norms and values of society. It is the process by which they learn right from wrong. Socialization is done when children follow the footsteps of their parents, teachers or older siblings. Socialization never really stops because all through life, people learn new things and they are never knowledgeable enough to know everything. During this process of socialization children develop a sense of self and become their own person. They become unique and have a distinct personality. Individuals develop their potential and learn culture through this process of socialization. Humans are unlike any other species and they need to learn things and how to survive. It is important for humans to learn their culture for it is a part of who they are. We learn by internalizing which is the process when people take norms values beliefs and language as their own and accept them as their own. Importance of socialization Socialization is important for many reasons: It helps a person become who they really are. It provides the basics for a person to learn about their culture and their way of behavior. Socialization helps people discover their talents and they find out that they are really good at something and they enjoy that. Through socialization children can develop as a person and acquire normal social graces. Children need to feel cared for and loved so when parents take time out for their children and teach them values and norms this helps them to develop properly. Learn ways on how to think talk and actions that are important for social living Is a way by which the society can pass culture along to the next generation We achieve harmony and are able to it into society We develop skills and learn not to always act on instinct It avoids isolation and improper development of children It allows us to develop our potential to develop or maximize skills We develop proper learning Agents of socialization The family is a major agent of socialization. It gives individuals their first experience, earliest and deepest experience to relationships and their exposure to the way of life. The family also teaches their own about the social and physical environment and teaches them to follow it. Children learn from the type of environment that elders create. The family also gives children a social place when it comes to religion race or culture. This makes up the child’s self-concept. The family are the ones responsible to teach children manners, respect and obedience. They cannot allow their children to go to school without teaching them how to talk to older people with respect or how to obey when told to do something. The school also plays a role in the socialization of children. The school is a port way for children to learn about their ancestors and to teach them of the way people behaved in the older times compared to the way they behave now. They learn how society is connected to race and gender. The school is their first experience to bureaucracy. This means that the school prepares them for the future because it runs on a time schedule and is governed by rules. This is helpful because it prepares them for when they get a job. It is also proven that schools mold children into gender roles. School also open opportunities or children to join peer groups in which they meet people with similar interests or talents. The mass media is also an agent of socialization. The mass media provides a vast amount of information to a huge audience at the same time. It is proven to have a great impact on the behavior and attitude of children. The media is also a port way for people to learn about different cultures and to meet people of different race and ethnicity. The media can inspire people to achieve access and to follow their dreams. Children will view successful people on the television and aspire to be like them. This is a good thing because children will have ambition. Theories on socialization George Herbert Mead: He developed a theory on social behaviorism. It explained how a person’s personality can be affected by social experience. He saw the power that environment had when it came to shaping behavior. He studied inward thinking. His main concept was self. He described this as the part of a person’s personality composed of self- awareness and self- image. He considered that self only develops when people interact with others. He said that humans care what others think of them and that is what they think of themselves as well. Lawrence Kohlberg: He studied how people distinguish between right and wrong. At an early age for children, they think that whatever feel good to them is right. Another aspect of his is that teenagers in the adolescent stage lose their selfishness and learn to act according to what parents tell them and by the rules of their school. He also said that individuals learn not to argue with what is legal or right. Jean Piaget: he studied human cognition. This refers to how people think. He wondered how children made sense of the world. He described the way children made their way through life based on what they thought of it. Piaget believed that biological maturation and increasing social experience was reflected by human behavior. He stated four stages of cognitive development which included sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational. Sigmund Freud: He studied mental disorder and personality. He believed that biology played a major role in the way people develop. He said that the human personality had three parts which include: The id which represents the innate human drives, this would be the human life and death instincts, the ego which refers to the internalized cultural values and norms and the ego which he considered resolved the competition between the restraints of the superego and the demands of the id. . Family Basic Concepts Family is a group of people who are closely related to each other by blood, adaption or marriage. The family is considered the basic unit of society. A family is considered to be the people who will always be there for you, no matter the situation you are involved in. Whenever in need of something the first place you run to is home. You are confident that there you can be safe and that there will be the people you can depend on. The family is the group of people who play a significant role in an individual’s life. Bonds within a family are considered kinship. Within every society there are families, however the views of people and whom they consider to be their family may vary depending on historical changes and culture. Family of orientation refers to when individuals are born into a family that includes parents and siblings living together. This plays an important role in socialization. A family of procreation is when adults decide to start their own family either naturally or through adaption. Marriage is an important aspect when considering starting a family. Marriage is a legal union between two people who commit to each other and this involves economic cooperation, sexual activity and childbearing. Children born out of marriage are considered to be illegitimate. Global Variations Types of families: Extended family: Is a family that includes more than three generations living in the same household. Everyone is connected by blood. Nuclear family: A family that includes a mother, father and their children living under the same roof. Sibling household: This is a family that an older brother or sister is the one in charge of the rest of children. They are required to be the parents and take care of the younger ones. Reconstituted family: This is a family type formed by the combination of two single- parent families. Single- parent family: Is a family type that involves one parent taking care of the household. Marriage patterns This refers to the way in which individuals are required to marry: Endogamy: This refers to marriage between people of the same social category. This limits marriage prospects to other people of the same gender, social class or race. Exogamy: This is when people of different social class get married. This type of marriage promotes cultural diffusion and builds alliances. Monogamy: This is marriage between two people. Polygamy: This is a type of marriage that unites two or more people. Polygyny: This refers to marriage of one man to two or more women. Polyandry: This refers to marriage of one woman to two or more men. Residential Patterns This talks about where a couple resides after being married: Patrilocality: This pattern refers to when the married couple lives with or close to the husband’s parents or family. Matrilocality: This is when the married couple lives close by or with the wife’s family. Neolocality: This refers to when the married couple live in a new place away from any side of their families. Patterns of Decent This refers to a system families used to trace their kinship over generations. Patrilineal descent: This is when individuals trace their kinship through men. This is when sons are the ones who inherit or get property passed on to them by their fathers. Matrilineal descent: This is a system used to trace kinship through women. This is when mothers pass on property or inheritance to their daughters. Bilateral Descent: in order to promote gender equality, this system traces kinship through both men and women. Theoretical Analysis of the Family Functions of the family Structural and functional analysis: Socialization: The teaching of right from wrong to children. Regulation of sexual activity: Every culture tries to regulate sexual activity in order to maintain property rights and kinship organization. Social Placement: Families try to maintain social organization in order to confer their social identity. Material, emotional and financial security: Families provide financial assistance, physical protection and emotional support. Inequality and the family: Social- Conflict analysis Property and Inheritance: Identifying heirs in order to transmit property. Patriarchy: This is how men own women as their sexual and economic property. Racial and ethnic inequality: Families promote people marry others like themselves. Stages of Family Life This is the way how a family evolves. Courtship: Is when partners get to know each other and see if they are compatible. Settling in: This involves romantic love where partners fall in love with each other and usually plan to marry or not. Child rearing: This is the raising of children on the right path showing them love and kindness. The family in later life: This is when people stay married but for the final years of their marriage they return to living with only one spouse. Transitions and problems in family They are many things that break up the family: Divorce is the dissolution of a marriage. Causes: Individualism is on the rise: This is when family members stop spending as much time with each other. Romantic love often subsides: When sexual passion fades this is when relationships fade. Women are now less dependent on men: Women leave unhappy marriages because wives are now not financially dependent on husbands. Many of today’s marriages are stressful: Most families face the problem of not having enough time or energy for family. Divorce is socially acceptable: Divorce is no longer being discouraged. Legally, a divorce is easier to get: Now divorces are easy to get as long as the couple says the marriage has fail. References Macionis John J., Sociology- (13th Edition). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2009

Exchange rate movements and pegged currencies - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 3147 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? INTRODUCTION Successful money requires both trust in the reliability of its issuer and a reasonable degree of stability in its value (Black, 1985). The US Dollar (hereon USD) replaced the Pound Sterling after World War II as the dominant world currency because of the size of the American economy, its global trade and its developed financial markets. The USD has been the benchmark for other national currencies after the breakdown of the Bretton Woods System in 1972 since then it has been the most important currency of the International Monetary System and no other currencies have so far been able to overtake its standing (Salvatore, 2000). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Exchange rate movements and pegged currencies" essay for you Create order The Euro was introduced on January 1, 1999, at the value of $1.176. The Euro has become the second most important international currency since its creation; it depreciated drastically against the dollar within one year from its introduction. This report will trace the movements of the USD against the Euro since the introduction of Euro in 1999 to date by explaining its movement during four major trends which are January 1999 to January 2002, February 2002 to December 2004, January 2005 to June 2007 during which it remained more or less stable and it has been highly volatile from beginning of the subprime crisis (mid 2007) till date. The Euro was launched at 1.176 Dollars on the 1st of January, 1999. Many observers and analysts predicted the Euro to appreciate against the USD, but as shown in figure 1, the Euro rose to a maximum of $1.1877 on January 4th and then depreciated by 39% in relative to the Dollar and reached an all time low value of 0.852 Dollar per Euro in October 20 00, which continued till June 2001 leading to an appreciation of the Dollar (Wong Khan, 2006). The depreciating value of the Euro persuaded The European Central Bank (hereon ECB) to raise interest rates seven times during, its borrowing rate from 4.75% to 2.5% and also had interfere in the foreign exchange market four times during November 1999 and October 2000 (Neaime Paschakis, 2002). Several studies have been conducted to explain this movement. The empirical analysis by Corsetti and Pesenti (2000) state that the high growth and interest rates in the US when compared to the Euro zone during the introduction of the Euro lead to an increase in the value of the Dollar relative to the Euro. This can also be supported by Merendith (2001), whose empirical study states that an increase in equity prices in the mid-1990s in US lead to increase in market capitalization in relative to its gross domestic product, increasing both consumption and investment which increased the demand of US D. An increase in demand caused the long term real interest rate to increase sooner than the short term real interest rate, since uncovered interest rate parity is one of the determinants of exchange rate, this lead to an appreciation of Dollar when compared to the Euro. Cohen and Loisel (2001), state that the tight fiscal policy imposed by Maastricht fiscal criteria and a loose monetary policy was also one of the reasons for low interest rate in the Euro zone which lead to the appreciation of the Dollar against the Euro. Neaime and Paschakis (2002) studied the effects on the differences between the US and Euro zone in respect to inflation rates, risk return opportunities, cyclical behaviour and trade and capital flows on the Dollar- Euro exchange rate, their results suggest that the appreciation of dollar from 1999 to 2000 can be explained by the positive shock to aggregate demand in the US during this time period. While Arestis et al (2002) states that, the diversified economic conditions of the Euro member countries lead to a weak economy in the zone due to which the Euro depreciated against the Dollar. But Musa (2001) argued that the weak base of the euro zone was not a reason for the depreciating euro, he stated that it was normal for a new currency to depreciate against the hard currencies such as the USD and Yen. He expected the Euro to become stronger after few years of its inception. The high social security payments, strict employment opportunities and the restrictions on working and opening hours in the Euro zone when compared to the American markets made companies to invest in the US during the introduction of the Euro, which lead to an appreciation of the Dollar (Neaime Paschakis, 2002). This can be supported by Felstein (1997b 2000) who states that euro may remain weak because of the structural rigidities in Europe economies. In this modern world, the more developed economy is likely to attract high return capital investments. The IMF report 2001 states that, the quick growth in the US long term investments such as equities, bonds and direct investments attracted high capital inflow into the US economy which lead to an appreciation in the Dollar value during this period. A study on the balance of payments data shows a rise in direct investment by Euro resident in the US during this time period. This can also be supported by several empirical studies which state that there is a significant relationship between capital inflows and exchange rates. The Dollar started to depreciate against the Euro from February 2002 to December 2004. The US economy lost its attractiveness after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, due to which the stock markets declined, interest rates in the US fell to rates that not have been seen in the past 30 years, increase in US trade deficits and uncertainty about accounting practices. The war in Iraq contributed towards the depreciation of the USD (Mussa, 2005). On February 28, 2002 all national banknotes and coins in the Euro zone were withdrawn from use, this made Euro a store value and an exchange medium. This increased the challenge to the Dollar because in the long run, the Euro might be able to displace the USD and become the international reserve currency (Shams, 2005). Although the dollar was depreciating, its depreciation with the Euro was large when compared to other currencies. In 2004 the dollar dropped by 11% against the Euro while it dropped by only 5% against the Yen, this was because export-oriented Asian countries such as Japan were not prepared to allow their currencies to appreciate against the Dollar due to which European countries have to bear a disproportionate amount of the adjustment burden. This resulted in the dollars share in the foreign exchange market to fall from 94% in 1998 to 89% in 2004 (Carbaugh Hedrick, 2008). The Euro reached a height of 1.36$ in December 2004, caused by the purchasing power parity (PPP) of the euro zone which was 10% to 15% overvalued when compared to the USD. The GDP of the Euro zone was roughly three quarter of the US. All these factors prompted the Euro to become more attractive than the Dollar, which lead to a depreciation of the USD during this period (Mussa, 2005). The Dollar value remained more-or-less stable from the end of 2004 to the beginning of 2007, where the change in the value of dollar against the Euro was very minimal. The inflation rates in the Euro zone and the US was quite similar during this time period. The US current account deficit continued to increase despite the Dollar depreciation during the past few years, which implied the Dollar had to remain in the more-or-less same value against the Euro and depreciate further against the emerging Asian market, with a lesser extent to Japan to overcome this situation (Mussa, 2005). The movement of Dollar against the Euro has been very volatile from the beginning of the subprime crisis till date. Instability of the financial markets, interest rates cuts by the Federal Reserve (Galati Wooldridge, 2006), expansion in the US monetary policy which lead oversupply of dollars, all lead to a strong depreciation in the Dollar value during the second half of 2007 and the beginning of 2008. This also reduced capital investments in the US economy and lead to a deterioration in its store value. Also the euro zone started to grow faster and restore confidence. In 2002 the Euro was worth 86 cents, but by the end of March 2008, it was worth $1.54, the dollars value had dropped by 30% in 3 years (Carbaugh Hedrick, 2008). The crisis spread over the global economy during the second half of 2008.The Dollar was expected to drop rapidly when the Federal Reserve cut down interest rates between September to December 2008, but the reverse occurred and the Dollar appreciated drastically. This was because of the increase in net purchase of US treasuries, which are perceived as highly liquid and riskless compa red to US private securities. Even though the foreign demand for US assets was less during this period, the demand among Americans was high. Americans repatriated capital from abroad which lead to an increase in the demand of dollars when compared to its supply of dollars. The issue of international bonds in USDs for all countries fell by 40% compared to a global drop of international bonds by 15%, which lead to a drop in supply of dollar securities drastically when compared to the global supply of securities. The increase in the demand of the Dollar caused the Dollar to appreciate during this time period (Quere, 2009). The sudden drop in Dollar against the Euro during the last quarter of 2008, was due to the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers and the government takeover of several other firms. The USD started with a positive note against the Euro in the beginning of 2009 when the US president Barack Obama stated his plans of stimulating economic growth by investing $775 billion over the next 2 years. However the currency movement largely depends on the economic data published by various central banks. This was also supported by the week data published in the Euro zone, such as the cut in interest rates, the drop in manufacturing sector Purchasing Managers Index and the rise in unemployment rates.[1](Currency Market Review) The optimistic view that the U.S Federal Reserve might increase interest rates in the near future and the rising debt levels in Greece which is expecting a helping hand from the ECB, have caused the USD appreciate against the Euro in the beginning of 2010[2]. (Forex Review) CONCLUSION The Dollar appreciated during the initial years after Euros introduction due to high interest and growth rates in the US which favoured high return investments in the US than the Euro zone. This was followed by a three year period where the USD depreciated to the 9/11 attacks and the war in Iraq. The Euro started to stabilize during this time period and its store in value increased. The Dollar began to be more stable after this period, till emergence of the subprime crisis. However, its progress was thwarted by the onset of the subprime crisis which sapped the value of the Dollar to 1.54$ per Euro, caused by interest rate cuts by the Federal Reserve, instability of the US financial markets, loose monetary policy and bankruptcies. After its shaky foray during the early years of the subprime crisis, the Dollar value is starting to regain against the Euro following the economic growth plans proposed by the US president Barack Obama and due to the high debt levels in Greece and an expe ctation of an increase in interest rates in future. However the Dollar value in the future remains to be highly unpredictable. Hong Kong should dismantle its fixed exchange rate peg with the US dollar. Instead it should peg its currency with the Chinese Renminbe (CNY) or allow its currency to float freely. Discuss. INTRODUCTION The Hong Kong Dollar (hereon HKD) is officially linked to the US dollar (hereon USD) at the rate of 7.8 HKDs to one USD. This fixed exchange rate peg with the USD which has been in existence since 17th October 1983, ensures the HKDs stability against major world currencies which is an advantage to Hong Kong. This stability plays an important role in maintaining the external trade in goods and services which is equivalent to around three times its gross domestic product (GDP). The linked exchange system is effective in Hong Kong because of its flexible and responsive economy, the strong and solvent banking system, prudent fiscal policy followed by the government and the large amount of foreign reserves possessed by the country to maintain the link. (Yam, 2005) The Hong Kong Financial Secretary has determined that, the structure of the monetary system shall be characterised by Currency Board Arrangements. As stated by Officer (1989, 1993), currency board is an invention in which t he activities of the market participants determine the exchange rate, instead of depending on the government to manipulate the exchange rate through foreign exchange controls or direct selling of foreign currencies by the central bank. According to Schwartz (1993) and Williamson (1995), A currency board issues cash with 100% foreign exchange reserves backing at a fixed exchange rate against a designated currency. Hong Kong used Silver dollars as legal tender till 1935, and then the HKD was fixed to the British pounds until 1972 and then it was fixed to the USD for the following two years. HKD was allowed to float freely during the time period 1974-1983 and it was re-pegged to the USD in 1983 again. This can be summarized in the following table. This report will discuss and analyse the implications if the Hong Kong Monetary authority decide to dismantle HKDs peg with the USD and re-peg to the Chinese Renminbi or allow it to float freely. The link adopted by Hong Kong has bee n functioning smoothly in the highly volatile market which consisted of the Hong Kong stock market crash in 1987, the 1990 Gulf War, the 1997/1998 Asian financial crisis and the current subprime crisis. The stability of the HKD to external shocks can be shown by the following diagram, Kennedy (2003), summarized that providing a nominal anchor to a monetary policy, encouraging trade and investment, precluding competitive depreciation and avoiding speculative bubbles as the four main advantages of maintaining a fixed exchange rate and he also stated that giving independence to monetary policy, allowing automatic adjustment to trade shocks, retaining seigniorage and lender- of- last- resort capability and avoiding speculative attacks as the four advantages of freely floating exchange rate. As stated by Kennedy (2003), under the linked exchange system followed by Hong Kong, fluctuation in the value USD can cause needless volatility in Honk Kongs international price competitiveness . This can be supported by Chan and Kwan (1998), who stated that the devaluation of the Taiwan Dollar in October, 1997 initiated a series of speculative attacks on the Hong Kong Dollar. Many politicians and economists argued that Hong Kong should give up its peg with the USD as it has already lost its international competitiveness after many years of inflation. Hong Kong also faced many problems in maintaining their peg to the USD, when the dollar appreciated against the Euro and the Yen between the time period 1995-2001.Hong Kongs foreign reserves as at October, 1998 amounted to US$ 8 billion, which was the worlds third largest (Rogoff, 1998) which made it very strong to withstand speculative attacks. At the same time Hong Kong is the only Asian country with a currency board that got through the 1990s successfully. As cited by Tsang (1998), a floating exchange rate regime will cause a considerable amount of instability and uncertainty in a small open economy as Hong Kong because it would not allow for much monetary autonomy. This can also be supported by Hausmann et all (2000) who stated that, the high level of internal flexibility of Hong Kong to absorb external shocks makes it more suitable for a hard peg than a floating exchange regime. As summarized by Rogoff (1998), Hong Kongs ability to support its currency relies on Chinas willingness to put stability on the HKD above all other foreign exchange reserves. As stated by Cheng et all (1999), one of the important goals of Hong Kong, is to become the national financial center of China. The massive capital inflows from China to Hong Kong does not depend only on Hong Kongs legal and financial systems but it is largely because of its peg with the USD which is an international currency. If Hong Kong decides to dismantle its peg and float its currency freely, Hong Kongs attractiveness as Chinas financial center might decline considerably. Suttle and Fernandez (2005) stated that, Hong Kong would have to f ace a big challenge if it dismantles its peg with the USD because it would have to develop an exiting strategy from the USD peg and it would have to develop a full monetary union with China. Therefore if Hong Kong dismantle its peg with the USD and floats it currency freely, it would have to pursue an independent monetary policy which will not have the same clarity and effectiveness as the Linked Exchange Rate System. Re-pegging the HKD with the CNY is one of the most popular theories and a lot of research and arguments have been done on this topic. As stated by Greenwood (2009), In the past it was silver, in the future it may become the Renminbi, but that depends on how quickly China moves to full convertibility. Hong Kong monetary authority has injected more than 25.8 billion USD into the financial system in 2009 to maintain its currency peg with the USD, as funds pour into the city from China, which is the worlds fastest growing economy.[3] As stated by Dean and Eslake (200 7), Hong Kongs economy and financial system is becoming increasingly linked with China, but right now there are too many restrictions in replacing the USD with the CNY because the CNY can be traded only by exporters and importers which means it is only convertible on the current account. Hong Kong would not be able to peg its currency with the CNY unless it becomes fully convertible both on current and capital accounts. This seems to be a long term proposition. If Hong Kong pegs its currency with CNY despite this problem, it would affect Hong Kongs position as a global financial centre. It may increase the risks faced by Hong Kong, where there could be rapid increase in interest rates and a banking sector crisis. The HKD CNY peg might be possible when the Renminbi becomes fully convertible but as Greenwood (2009) said I dont think thatll happen quickly. This is not possible in the near future; it is only feasible in the long run. CONCLUSION As summarized by Mussa et al (2000), no single exchange rate regime is suitable for all countries due to the different economic situations and the various roles played by them in the global financial markets. Considering the Hong Kongs global financial position, the massive capital flows from China, issues with the exit strategy from the Dollar peg, compatibility issues, and the CNYs convertibility, it can be concluded that dismantling the peg with the USD and letting the currency to float freely is not advisable while the re-peg with the Chinese Renminbe might be possible only in the long run. The 27 year Linked Exchange Rate system followed by Hong Kong which withstood many major external shocks remains to be the best option currently available for Hong Kong. Page 2 https://www.iamtn.org/content/currency-market-review-1 https://www.forexhelp.com/article/1450 www.bloomberg.com