Culture: Sindhi People

JINNAH UNIVERSITY FOR WOMEN DEPARTMENT OF MASS COMMUNICATION ASSIGNMENT ON â€Å"SINDHI CULTURE AND ELECTRONIC MEDIA† COURSE TITLE: INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SCIENCES COURSE CODE: 4161/603 SUBMISSION DATE:28-02-2013 SUBMITTED TO: MISS TOOBA ZAHEER SHAIKH SUBMITTED BY: HIRA KHAN ANUM NAEEM ANUM AKHTER HUMA TARIQ SHUMAILA AMJAD RIMSHA JAWAID MINAL MOHSIN TABLE OF CONTENT Cultural traits of Sindh3 Clothing3 Autaaq3 Language and its uses 4 Arts and Crafts4 Sindhi cuisine6 Lifestyle8 Sufism in music8 Music8 Dance9 Festivals of Sindh 9 Marriages rituals9Funeral10 Cultural day10 Projection of Sindhi culture in television programs11 Dramas11 Morning shows12 Talk shows and news channels 13 Cooking shows13 Songs13 Advertisements14 Pakistani Sindhi TV channels 14 Projection16 References17 CULTURAL TRAITS OD SINDH CLOTHING: * Sindhi dresses Shalwarkameez, Dupatta, Sherwani, Achkan, and Karakul (hat) one of the most familiar sights in Pakistan, is that traditionally, Pakistani men wear Shalwa rKameez. They come in many different styles, fabrics, colors and patterns that make them look really stylish.Pakistani women also wear Shalwarkameez no matter what province they are from. However, many women from the Sindh province wear ghagra varying from different styles and colors. Pakistani women wear an elaborate and heavily embroidered dress known as gharara on their wedding days. The Sherwani or Achkan with Karakuli hat is the national dress of Pakistan for men, as it is not specifically associated with any of the provinces. Most government officials wear the formal black Sherwani on state occasions. AUTAAQ: Otaq is mardana (drawing room) in Sindh.As far as, , the word used in outside Sindhi origin. The man daily sits there and does gossips called ‘punchait’ and ‘jirga’, and solve problems there. LANGUAGE: Sindhi language evolved over a period of 2400 years. The language of the people of Sindh, after coming in contact with the Aryan, became Indo-Arya n (Prakrit). Sindhi language, therefore, has a solid base of Prakrit as well as Sanskrit, the language of India, with vocabulary from Arabic, Persian, and some Dravidian – descendants from Mediterranean sub-continent.Initially, Sindhi had close contacts with Arabic- speaking Muslims. Therefore the language adopted many of the Arabic words. There are 52 alphabets in sindhi language. Sindhi language is an ancient language spoken in Pakistan and many other parts of the world. It is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by approximately 41 million people in Pakistan, and 12 million people in India; it is the second most spoken language of Pakistan, mostly spoken in the Sindh province. It is a recognized official language in Pakistan, and also an official language in India.Government of Pakistan issues National Identity Cards to its citizens only in two languages; Sindhi and Urdu. Sindhi language is also greatly influenced by Sanskrit and about 70% of the words in Sindhi are of Sanskrit o rigin. Sindhi is a very rich language with a vast vocabulary; this has made it a favorite of many writers and so a lot of literature and poetry has been written in Sindhi. It has been the inspiration for Sindhi art, music, literature, culture and the way of life. The language can be written using the Devanagri or Arabic scrip. Uses of Sindhi:It is used in conversations, as well as, government, education, media, and literacy. Sindhi is spoken by a variety of religious groups including Hindus, Muslims, Christians, and Sikhs in 19Southeast Pakistan. Sindhi is taught as a first language in all levels of school. Most Hindus speak Sindhi as a second language the majority of Sindhi speakers in India are women and older adults. ARTS AND CRAFTS The traditions of Sindhi craftwork reflect the cumulative influence of 5000 years of invaders and settlers, whose various modes of art were eventually assimilated into the culture.The elegant floral and geometrical designs that decorate everyday objec ts—whether of clay, metal, wood, stone or fabric can be traced to Muslim influence. Though chiefly an agricultural and pastoral province, Sindh has a reputation for ajraks, pottery, leatherwork, carpets, textiles, and silk cloths which, in design and finish, are matchless. The chief articles produced are blankets, coarse cotton cloth (soosi), camel fittings, metalwork, and lacquered work, and enamel, gold and silver embroidery.Hala is famous for pottery and tiles; Boobak for carpets; Nasirpur, Gambat and Thatta for cotton lungees and khes. Other popular crafts include the earthenware of Johi, the metal vessels of Shikarpur, the ralli quilt, embroidery and leather articles of Tharparkar, and the lacquered work of Kandhkot. Prehistoric finds from archaeological sites like Mohenjo-daro, engravings in various graveyards, and the architectural designs of Makli and other tombs have provided ample evidence of the people's literary and musical traditions. Modern painting and calligra phy have also developed in recent times.Some young trained men have taken up commercial art. Mirror work is also highlighted through Sindhi culture which is called GAJJ and aplic work and it is also very popular nowadays. Sindh has a rich heritage of traditional handicraft that has evolved over the centuries. Perhaps the most professed exposition of Sindhi culture is in the handicrafts of Hala, a town some 30 kilometers from Hyderabad. Hala's artisans manufacture high-quality and impressively priced wooden handicrafts, textiles, paintings, handmade paper products, and blue pottery.Lacquered wood works known as Jandi, painting on wood, tiles, and pottery known as Kashi, hand woven textiles including khadi, susi, and ajraks are synonymous with Sindhi culture preserved in Hala's handicrafts. SINDHI CUISINE Sindhi cuisine refers to the cuisine of the Sindhi people. The daily food in most Sindhi households consists of wheat – based flat – bread (phulka) and rice accompanied by two dishes, one, gravy and one dry. Sindhi food is characterized by deep frying and some of the popular Sindhi dishes are Sindhi Curry, Sai Bhaji, Seyal Machi etc. Food is very important in Sindhi culture.A lot of attention is given to how the food is prepared and what combinations of dishes are best. Over the years these combinations have become established and today when one mentions the combination, for example: Saibhaji Pulao, all the side dishes that go with it automatically come to mind. In this instance, fried potatoes or fried bhindi, dahi. Dodo chutney Millet-flour kneaded with spices cooked unleavened on a skillet and eaten with garlic-based mint chutney. SeyalPallo Sea-bass cooked in a base of onions and tomatoes, eaten with chapati. Very few people know how to cook it to perfection.As this fish is rich in oil the secret of how much oil to put in the cooking of the gravy becomes important. Also, there is no gravy as such, but a well cooked and blended base. SeyalDabro ti Bread or chapati cooked in a base of coriander, garlic and tomatoes. This is a breakfast food. The same can be cooked in onions and tomato as well. SeeroPuri Another breakfast, Seero is semolina cooked in butter or oil, fried on a slow fire till it turns light, golden brown, the aroma filling the house. Then, proportions of water and sugar are added, just enough to cook and sweeten the seero.Eaten with fried puri, it is as close to heaven as one can get. That is why perhaps seero is also served as an offering in temples. Loli and yoghurt or Loli and Indian milk tea made with cardamom, this is thick unleavened bread cooked on the skillet. The wheat dough is kneaded with onions, hot green pepper, and garlic and coriander/cilantro leaves, all finely chopped. Along with salt and oil the flour is kneaded slowly into fairly stiff dough. Then rolled out to one eighth inch thickness and cooked on the skillet on a low flame.When the loli is half done, a little oil is added to make it cris p. Lolo is the sweet version of loli. In this wheat dough only a little salt is added, but a proportion of sugar syrup is added and the flour is kneaded with ghee or butter. Then cooked on the skillet slowly, Lolos are almost a quarter or more inches thick. MalpuraChurhi? dal. Malpuras are a kind of deep fried pancakes. Milk or yoghurt, black pepper corns and sugar are added to white flour and a thick batter is made. A circular pancake is then dropped into a flat frying pan which should contain about half an inch of oil to fry in.This sweet bread is eaten with boiled yellow mung dal in which only salt, a drop or so of oil and turmeric is added. MeethiAloo. Garlic, hot chili peppers and fresh or dry fennel leaves combine to transform the simple potato into a curry which can be eaten with chapati, puri, rice or regular bread. MutturPaneer can be made in different gravies, the chief ingredients are the peas and homemade cottage cheese. Thaynri is sweet rice, usually made on special occ asions. Kheerni Thickened (by boiling) milk with Cardamoms, Saffron and a number of rich mild spices. LIFESTYLEPeople of Sindh are more inclined towards an agricultural based lifestyle. The fertile Indus Plains provide a valuable source of income for the local people who practice farming on these lands. Inland fishing is also practiced along the Indus River in Upper Sind providing further opportunities for local people. Nomadic way of lifestyle is commonly seen in the deserted regions of Thar where people move from place to place in search for drinking water sources along with their animals. SUFISM IN MUSIC Sindhi society is dominated by great Sufis, the mystics and the martyrs.It has always been the land of peace, love, romance, and great cultural and artistic values. There were the great theologians of the Naqshbandi order in Thatta who translated the fundamentals of the religion of Islam into their mother tongue. There were the great Sufi (mystic) poets like Shah Abdul LatifBhita i who was the cherisher of truth and spent all his life in its propagation, pursuit and quest. Bhitai was also an excellent musician. He invented a new type of musical instrument, Tambura (drone instrument), which till today, is a primary source of music in rural Sindh.The beauty of Shah's verses is enhanced by his blending of traditional Indian rag with the Sindhi folk songs and music. MUSIC * Lada: Lada songs are sung before the actual weddings, the very lilt of which suggests careless abandon and gaiety that mark a wedding. Sindhi are very famous for showmanship, and on the occasion of the marriage of the son, they will not hesitate to spend thousands of rupees only on decorations, music dance and photographs, movie and on video shootings, They call a Lada party of famous singers and enjoy the music one day before the marriage and even on Janiya (Thread ceremony) etc.The famous Laado SONU BAJUBAND, LADO PANHIJEE KUNWAR LAI AANEDO AND DHIKH JE RAAT LADE MUNDIYOON GHARAYOON, MOOML MANA NA KAR MARUN SA, ALLA SON JO RUPAYA etc. Many other Ladas are so famous among the Sindhi that on the occasion of the marriage, specially ladies and relatives are invited on Lada ceremony where they offer the GHOR of rupees on the bride-groom whose marriage is to be performed. DANCE * CHHEJ: Chhej is performed only by men. It is somewhat similar to DoklaRas of Kathiawar, but considerably more intricate in pattern & steps and rhythmic beats. The instruments used are the SHARNAI and the DUDUL i. e. Shehnai and the drum.Another dance which is performed only by men is DHAMAL, performed by Fakirs and disciples of a particular shrine at the time when the flag of the shrine goes up. This is a dance which is characterized by a sort of religious frenzy and has, therefore, a very fast tempo. Nagharo (a big drum) instrument provides both the rhythmic beat and the tempo for the Dhamal. FESTIVALS OF SINDH The people of Sind love their religion and the two festivals of Eid-ul-Adha and Eid-ul- Fitr are celebrated with zeal and enthusiasm. Different domestic festivals are arranged by the local people to provide people with new things they buy on Eid’s occasion.On different occasions, the Folk dance of Bhagat is also performed by professionals to entertain the visiting people. Hence, a Sindhi Cultural Festival is a compound of folk dances, music and entertainment for local people. Marriages rituals There are several martial rituals in Sindh. These rituals are described as follows: WANWAAH: In this ritual the bride is made to sit seven days in veil wearing yellow dress. A thread is tied on the palm of the bride in which some sort of grain is placed and it is hanged on the hand of the bride. The rite of applying Henna on the groom’s palm and feet.Wearing traditional dress that is white cotton, Ajrak, Sindhi topi. The Sindhi women used to wear heavy jewelry calledDURRI which is a necklace of seven strides. DAAWAIN: it is a martial ritual in which the sister in la w tied a thread on groom from his finger of feet to the finger of his hand and receives some cash for this ritual. Another social value is to touch the feet of elders and old people to honor them this ritual is commonly followed by every Sindhi. LAOON: It is a martial ritual in which the head of the bride and groom are hit together. Funeral Rituals After death the dead body is covered by Sindhi Ajrak.Sindhi Cultural Day (Ekta Day) Sindhi celebrate Sindh Cultural day worldwide every year during the month of December by wearing Ajrak&Sindhi Topi on that occasion. The musical programs and rallies are held in many cities to mark the day with zeal. Major hallmarks of cities and towns are decorated with Sindhi Ajrak to highlight the cultural values of Sindh. The people across Sindh exchange gifts of Ajrak and Topi at various ceremonies. Even, the children and women are dressed up in Ajrak, assembling at the grand gathering, where famous Sindhi singers sing Sindhi songs, which depicts love and progress of Sindh.The musical performances of the artists compel the participants to dance on Sindhi tunes and ‘Jeay Sindh Jeay-Sindh Wara Jean’. All Political, social and religious organizations of Sindh, besides the Sindh culture department and administrations of various schools, colleges and universities, organize variety of events including seminars, debates, folk music programmes, drama and theatrics performances, tableau and literary sittings to mark this annual festivity. Sindhi culture, history and heritage are highlighted at the events.Ekta (Unity) day is observed to display solidarity among the Sindhi-speaking masses, the event is celebrated not only in Karachi, but throughout Sindh. The province’s culture and unity day was celebrated for the first time on December 6, 2009 (as the Sindhi Topi Day) as a backlash to the comments of anchorman DrShahidMasood who had criticised President Asif Ali Zardari for wearing a Sindhi cap on his foreign tours. Pe ople across the Sindh province condemned Masood’s comments via SMS, which ultimately resulted in the announcement of celebrating the Sindhi Topi Day.FEUDALISM IN SINDH The feudal archetype in Pakistan consists of landlords with large joint families possessing hundreds or even thousands of acres of land. They seldom make any direct contribution to agricultural production. Instead, all work is done by peasants or tenants who live at subsistence level. In Pakistan's remote areas of Sind and Baluchistan province, one â€Å"periodically run[s] into vast estates sometimes even operates a private prison in which enemies are placed, and sometimes makes local people dependent through debt bondage, generation after generation. â€Å"The landlord, by virtue of his ownership and control of such vast amounts of land and human resources, is powerful enough to influence the distribution of water, fertilizers, tractor permits and agricultural credit and, consequently exercises considerable influence over the revenue, police and judicial administration of the area. But this is not the scene all over the Pakistan. Most urban Sind there no longer exists the agricultural feudal as harsh as it is described in the earlier lines this situation only exists in rural Sindh. PROJECTION OF SINDHI CULTURE ON TELEVISION PROGRAMMESDRAMAS A telefilm is broadcasted on the channel HUM TV named as SACHAL AUR SABRINA. The name of the telefilm is also reflecting that it is a Sindhi drama, because these names are commonly used in Sindh. The Sindhi cultural traits which are highlighted in this drama is the usage of Sindhi language by the cast of the drama, dresses in this drama are usually TOPI, AJRAK, womenwearing aplicand mirror work dresses and covered their heads. This drama also focuses on highlighting social values of Sindhi culture that is to touch the feet of the elders and old people to honor them.The drama also stress towards the marriage rituals of Sindhi culture like using JHUL A for the sitting of bride and groom, bride and other women prone heavy jewelry like DURRI a heavy necklace and the traditions of full white color bangles, the rite of applying Henna on the groom’s palm and feet, a thread is tied on the palm of the bride in which some sort of grain is placed and it is hanged on the hand of the bride, the sister in law tied a thread on groom from his finger of feet to the finger of his hand and receives some cash for this ritual it is called DAAWAN and the head of the bride and groom are hit together which is called LAOON.The drama is totally based on the culture of Sindh. Another drama is also broadcasted on ARY DIGITAL named as MERA SAEEN, SAEEN is basically a Sindhi word usually used to respect their feudal lords. Feudalism is very much common in lower Sindh and now it is becoming the part of Sindhi culture. The tagline of the drama is Evil Never Truly Dies It Is Simply Born Again. This drama reflects the concept of feudal lords and their w orships and story revolves around the power or authority and the control of the political party. HATHE GULA MEHANDI Sindhi culture has been shown in this drama, Sindhi marriages and customs has also shown.First put the ubtan on bride by her in laws. Both the groom and bride offers nafil at their wedding and both are tied up with dupatta which is hanged on groom's shoulders. NATAK RANG This is comedy play in which Sindhi bethak has shown, and the people of the area share their problems, issues and humor with each other. Bethak (otak) is an important part of Sindhi culture. HASAR-E-ISHQ Married women have been prominent in the serial which is called Wadairan. According to Sindhi culture they use to wear gold jewelry and she oppressed on their lowers. According to their culture Wadairy gets first marriage in family and others from out of family.All these things are shown in this drama. MORNING SHOWS A cultural week is celebrated on the morning show UTHO JAAGO PAKISTAN at HUM TV in whic h they focuses on the cultural traits of all the provinces of Pakistan. On the first day of the show they highlighted the cultural traits of Sindh. The set of the show is designed to highlight the culture of Sindh. Handicrafts like rallies, aplic work and mirror work hangings are dangled on the walls of the set. The host and guests were wearing Sindhi TOPI and AJRAK. The host of the program was speaking Sindhi language.Sindhi songs and music were also playing as background music. There were also stalls on the set in which the cook was making Sindhi cuisine. The motive is to highlight the culture and qualities of Sindhi people. AbidaPerveen is the guest of the program who is also an asset of Sufism in Sindhi culture. Different Sindhi Qalaams and folk songs also sang on the program by the guest. The overall culture is presented on that program. Maham Amir is hosting the very famous Sindhi Morning show program Salam Sindh on Sindh TV news. The Show is divided in to many interesting seg ments in which food and other segments features.Many of the Sindhi Celebs, actors, singer, actors and artist have been already invited in the Show in which they have discussed their life experiences etc. NaziaJaved is the famous host of the Sindhi morning show RoshanSubho. She is hosting this program for about a year. This program is although in Sindhi but this is famous in all the urban area of Pakistan. The show has featured many celebs actors, singers, politicians and people from different walks of life but most of them were Sindhi who were invited in the show. The target of audience of the show is Sindhi people.Unlike other morning show uthojago Pakistan of geo, good morning Pakistan, SubahSaveraySamaaKeSaath with SanamBaloch, This show is low profile among the morning shows but it is liked and viewed by Sindhi people. TALK SHOWS AND NEWS CHANNELS BNN Where Sindhi culture is seen in dramas and songs, it also exhibits in a show Banana News Network. BNN is one of the most liking s atire shows. Matku is a character in this show that interviews celebrities in a Sindhi get up. He wears long most aches and Sindhi topi. Although he dressed himself in suit but his accent and topi clearly exhibit the Sindhi culture.Matku does not imitate someone, he just represent himself as Sindhi in interviews. NEWS CHANNELS Sindhi cultural which was recently celebrated on 22nd march, 2012, have been broadcasted in news channels. Every year Sindhi cultural day is widely seen in news channels which report cultural shows, from every corner of the country. On this day we can see in news almost all the cultural shows being celebrated in educational institutes and exhibitions in the country. The news channels also play a part in promoting important cultural events and festivals of Sindh and make special packages and coverage to such events.COOKING SHOWS The culture of Sindh is also highlighting on the cooking shows on specific episodes at MASALA TV and ARY ZAUQ. Their motive is to pres ent the cuisine of Sindhi culture and the sets are designed in such a way that reflects Sindhi dresses and promote the culture. Such sort of program includes HANDI, [email  protected], TARKA and BILLO DA DHABA etc. SONGS Nowadays Sindhi language and Sindhi words are very much used in songs. For instance the song SAEEN TO SAEEN by ALI GUL PIR, in which he highlighted the feudal lords and the concept of feudalism in Sindh. Sindhi culture and dressing is shown in his song .Boys wearing shalwarkameez with â€Å"ajrak† and â€Å"sindhitopi â€Å"and girls wearing â€Å"Sindhi embroidery dresses. His song TAARO MAARO is also consists of Sindhi words like MAARO which is used in Sindhi language for calling a person or wise man. ADVERTISMENTS This advertisement highlights Sindhi language. And the dresses of Sindhi culture like AJRAK. Through this advertisement the Sindhi culture also promotes. This advertisement promotes Sindhi language and dresses. Men wear AJRAKand Sindhi TOPI with SHALWAR KAMEEZ and women wear AJRAK they show people sitting on CHAARPAYIS which is fully covered with Sindhi RAILLI.Both advertisements broadcast on KTN, AWAAZ TV and SINDH NEWS. PAKISTANI SINDHI TV CHANNELS AWAZ TV: Awaz TV is a Sindhi Language Television channel with headquarters based in Karachi, Pakistan. It was launched in 2009 and broadcasts entertainment and infotainment programs in Sindhi. Awaz TV is available via satellite on Asia Sat 3S as well as on cable operators all around the country. KASHISH TV: Kashish  Television  Network (K TV) is the first private  Sindhi  Music  TV channel. This is the second channel of Kawish group. The channel was founded by  Ali Kazi  who is the owner of the most popular Sindhi newspaper  Daily Kawish.Kashish is very popular among  Sindhis  by means of Sindhi music. KTN AND KTN NEWS ————————————————- â€⠀Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- Kawish Television Network (KTN)  is the first private  Sindhi  TV channel of  Pakistan. It is the most watched private Sindhi-language channel based general entertainment television channel worldwide. The channel is part of the Kawish Television Network's bouquet of channels. ————————————————- KTN was established in 2002 and started with 6 hours of transmission.It has now grown from a small regional-language channel to the leading Satellite Channel of Pakistan, broadcasting 24 hours a day to areas of South Asia, Middle and Far East Asia. It also started the first ever music channel in Sindhi language KASHISH TV, after that in October 2007  KTN News  was also aired, covering news, current affair programs, talk show, documentaries and report s. KTN is a family channel with and major programming primarily consists of family dramas and other shows targeted to the entire family. KTN has shown for every member of the family with subjects like music, games, films etc.KTN also runs news bulletins every hour. KTN is amongst Pakistan's top 3 cable channels and is in the league of other biggies like ARY and GEO TV. MEHRAN TV: is the first  Sindhi-language TV channel which is broadcasting from  Hyderabad. MTN broadcasts variety of entertainment programs, music, dramas, news, and movies in the Sindhi Language. SINDH TV: Sindh  Television  (STV) is a leading private television channel of  Sindhi  language in  Sindh,  Pakistan. Sindh TV is owned by Dolphin Media House, which also owns another channel in Sindhi language called Sindh TV News SINDH TV NEWSSindh TV News channel  covers news and current affairs, airs 24 hours round the clock news and current affair programs. PROJECTION: Basically all Sindhi channels ha ve the motive to promote their culture and traditions and these channels are highly liked by the Sindhi people. They promote Sindhi language, Sindhi dresses, their martial rituals, custom and traditions. The policies of these channels are set to highlight and promote all the cultural traits of Sindh. Sindhi media groups have started to celebrate the day as ‘Sindhi Cultural Day’ or ‘Ekta day'.The Sindhi language TV channels including KTN, Sindh TV, Awaz TV and Mehran TV broadcast special programs on the culture of Sindh , besides these media outlets separately arrange the mega musical events, which also attract large audience to celebrate the Culture Day every year. REFERENCES http://pakistanthinktank. org/component/k2/item/714-pakistans-cultural-diversity-sindhi-culture-sindh-history 12 www. jhulelal. com http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=SbKvb9WR1KE http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=b0hWvct1FNE – Sindhi Lada http://www. newgirlsdresses. com/summer-dresses/ sindhi-embroidery-dresses. tm – Website to purchase http://www. lmp. ucla. edu/Profile. aspx? LangID=201&menu=004http://www. sindh. gov. pk/dpt/history%20of%20sindh/culture. htm htt://pwww. dramasonline. com/jago-pakistan-jago-12th-february-2013-abida-parveen/ http://www. tvkahani. com/reviews-mera-saaein-2-ary-full-drama-review/ http://www. aiou. edu. pk/gmj/artical4. asp http://www. vidjin. com/ali-gul-pir-taroo-maroo. html http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sindh#Arts_and_crafts http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Feudalism_in_Pakistan http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Culture_of_Sindh#Sindhi_Cultural_Day_. 28Ekta_Day. 29

Role of Media and Islam in Pakistan’s Politics

With the end of the cold war, the drive towards democratization assumed center state. Out of a total 206 states in the world, 195 claims to be either democratic or republican. In spite of it, the nature and function of many self pro claimed democratic systems leave much to be desired. This has led to international efforts, led by the US, to engage in the twin task of democracy promotion and democracy protection. India joined the community of the democracies in 2000, at the turn of the millennium, and later became a member of the UN democratic funds in2005.It has sought to contribute to the efforts aimed at promotion and strengthening of democracy in its own way. The author of the book under review, Professor Muni, calls it â€Å"significant shift† in India’s foreign policy. As a close followers of India’s foreign policy he has tries to isolated the â€Å"democracy dimension† in India’s foreign policy towards its immediate neighbors on an individual country basis over three distinct phases, which makes interesting readings. Professor Muni has enough experience as an academic and a diplomat to comment on such an important issue with great care and diligence.After a brief review of theories of democracies and its interface with foreign policy, the author situates the Indian experience over three different phases. He argues during the first phase (1947-1960s) soon after freedom from colonial rule, India emphasis â€Å"independence and nationalism†. The principal architect of Indian foreign policy, Jawahar Lal Nehru, set out to build of free, cooperative and peaceful Asia. This explained Nehru’s vociferous argument in favor of inclusion of communist china in the comity of nations as an independent state.He went on to fashioned his policy of non alignment as a main benchmark of India’s foreign policy and try to stay out of the bipolar power politics. His policies towards neighboring countries demonstrated his pr edilection for democracies in spite of the compromises he made to protect the strategic and economic interests of India. The author makes a detailed analysis of Nehru’s approach towards Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, Myanmar and Pakistan and concludes that Nehru’s preferences for democracies was often trumped by India’s vital security concerns.During the second phase (1960s-2000) the successors of Nehru, the author argues, adopted a pragmatic policy devoid an idealism that marked the Nehru years. The post 1962 (sino-indian war) years, as Nehru confessed shocked him out of his idealism and prepared the grounds for unapologetic realism in Indian foreign policy. Professor Muni demonstrate through his narrative of twists and turns of Nepalese politics that Indian supported democratic moments in Nepal when its suited its strategic interests unencumbered dilemma that characterized by Nehruvian years.All through, the main driver of India’s policy towards neighbors was t o keep the region free from adversarial influences. The security challenges post by china and Pakistan largely determined the parameters of India’s foreign policy since the 1970s. Even as India evolved as a democratic nation and institutions promoting democratic values took firm roots in the country, during this phase there was no enthusiasm to propagate democracy and encourage democratic forces in the neighborhood.Nevertheless, India played an important role in the liberation of East Pakistan in 1971, integrated Sikkim in 1975 and supported exiled democratic forces from Myanmar in 1970s and 1980s. Democracy mattered only when it converged with India’s strategic interests. However, india choose to diassociate it self from democratic forces in the mid 1970s. in Bhutan, india’s sided with the king and discouraged the popular movement raised by Bhutanis of Nepales region. It is quiet and other india forced the nepaled king to negotiate with the democratic forces in 1988.In the case of Myanmar, since the late 1980s, it decided to mend its relationship with the military Junta and ignore the democratic forces to balance china’s increasing proximity to Myanmar. The third phase since the start of new millennium as found India in the company of US, seeking to promote and protect democracy around the world. India has calibrated its policy towards its neighbors accordingly. Despite its aversion from the maost of Nepal, it played a critical role in the mainstreaming of this group and revived the democratic process.Despite playing a modest but critical role in Bangladesh’s return to democracy in 1990, it has maintained a study aloofness from the rough and tumble of Bangladesh politics. In recent years a fresh wave of the democracy swept the neighborhood. The author has appreciated India’s diplomatic responses to these changes. There is also a brief discussion on India’s efforts and indo-US coordination in the process of reco nstruction and democratization in Afghanistan since 9/11.The author implies that in view of India’s strategic interests in Afghanistan, it is imperative for India to continue with its developmental work despite attacks on its citizens by paksitan-sponsopred terrorists. In some author suggest that in its conduct of foreign policy, India should not blindly follow the US at the cost of its strategic interests. The book provides useful insights to India’s neighborhood policy over the last six decades. The author brings to bear his personal interaction many leading actors in both India and Nepal to present his analysis of Nepalese politics forcefully.His study of other neighbors of India somehow struggles to come that level of compliance and intensity. To be share to the author, given india’s leverage in Nepal and its ability to influence its politics, Nepal was certain to attract that much attention and care. However, one wondered if the author have accorded some sp ace to India’s reaction to the imperfect nature of Srilankan democracy with its lack of emphasis on inclusivity and pluralism. Given the threat it posed to the Srilankan polity and deep Indian involvement in the 1980s, Srilanka deserved some attention in the book.To the conclusion reader of the book finds the book and the author holds a strong grip over the material and issue it contained. The book deserve the attention of foreign policy analysts and scholars of international relations in India because in recent years India has sought to spell out its neighborhood policy tentatively with emphasis on building a web of interdependencies the neighbor and finally the book is a good depiction of India’s foreign policy specially in reference to its influences the democratic scenario in the outer world.

Ability to learn is affected by the classroom environment

The schoolroom environment is the ambiance and scene of the room that pupils learn within. It includes a broad scope of educational constructs that include both the physical and psychological environment. These constructs consist of both societal context and instructional constituents related to teacher features and schoolroom scene ( Konza, Grainger & A ; Bradshaw, 2001 ) . â€Å" The physical environment of a schoolroom explains a batch about the outlooks of a instructor towards their pupils † ( Konza, Grainger & A ; Bradshaw, 2001 ) . Before a pupil begins larning efficaciously they must be provided with a safe, positive and supportive learning civilization. In return will cut down struggle and enhance acquisition capablenesss. A pupil ‘s instruction is affected by the undermentioned constructs of the schoolroom environment: pick of coloring material, type of lighting, noise degree, room temperature, category size and ornament. A classrooms pick of coloring material impacts extremely on pupils larning. Certain colorss used on the walls of the schoolroom create both good and bad tempers ; impacting pupil larning. Mood is a pertinent facet of larning within a schoolroom. A pupil who is in a good temper and environment by others in a good temper will seek to larn and take in more from their lessons. Where as a pupil who is in a bad temper and surrounded by others in a bad temper will be loath to larn and seek distraction. Konza, Grainger & A ; Bradshaw ‘s, ( 2001 ) research proves the colors orange, yellow, green, and light blue used in schoolrooms create a cheerful, sociable environment with minimum ill will and annoyance. In return allow for pupils to increase the consumption of information and apprehension for larning. Opposed to the dull, white, brown and black colorss used in a schoolroom that creates a non- stimulating nor productive environment. Hence colour itself is a critical portion in promoti ng comfy and effectual acquisition. Consequently the pick of coloring material when utilizing in a schoolroom puting demands to be addressed as it impacts extremely on a pupil ‘s temper and in return affects their learning abilities. Sound is another construct that impacts on a pupil larning. On a day-to-day footing the schoolroom encounters many sums and different types of noise and can run from: schoolroom treatments, background noise, conversations and music. Nevertheless Marsh ( 2008 ) states that â€Å" sounds are all around us, nevertheless when sounds are unwanted they are redeemed as noise † . In order to larn pupils are subjected to conversations throughout their twenty-four hours, if non by the instructor, but themselves and other equals. The degree of variable noise will change depending on scenes such as the difference between libraries to art categories. Every schoolroom has background noise such as fans, airing, treatments and conversations which is step in dBs as BNL ( Background noise degrees ) . Marsh ( 2008 ) . A instructor can pass on clearly in a quiet voice when the BNL rises to 35dB, supplying a safe and comfy ambiance. A normal voice will transport good over a BNL of 40dB where larni ng takes its extremum as information and instructions can be delivered and heard clearly. Opposed to anything over 45dB or 50 dubnium where a instructor or pupil must talk really aloud which in return can do distraction, annoyance, emphasis and weariness ( Marsh, 2008 ) . Due to the fortunes of being subjected to a assortment of different degrees of noise within a schoolroom, pupils can change between efficient acquisition and aside. This clearly outlines the importance of noise degree in the schoolroom and its effects on instruction. There is much research grounds based on the effects of category size that is redeemed to be contradictory, whether it impacts on pupils accomplishments or non. However there are many survey ‘s that do place the significance of category size and its impact on pupil larning. Such as, Larkin, ( 2004 ) who states â€Å" that by cut downing category size, particularly for the younger kids, will hold a positive consequence on pupil accomplishment † . In making so will construct better instructor pupil relationships which will break their attitude towards larning and better their instruction. The province authorities had taken action to cut down category sizes for illustration New South Wales had aimed to hold category sizes changing from 20 to 24 pupils in the first three old ages of schooling for all province schools by 2007.Marsh ( 2008 ) . The pupils within these schoolrooms will hold the chance to derive more of the instructor ‘s clip, attending and instruction. Leti ng for more one- on- one instruction to take topographic point in the schoolroom and clip and attending for inquiries and replies that will heighten pupil cognition and better their instruction. Rather than, the pupils being subjected to big category size where the instructor struggles to run into the demands of all his or her pupils. In return go forthing the pupils troubled, unconfident and discerning towards their instructor, schooling and in peculiar instruction itself. Based on the synthesis of Course, Minus, & A ; Passing. ( 2008 ) that little categories in the early classs generate better environments for pupils and these are greater the longer the pupils are exposed to the smaller categories. Due to the consequence of pupil accomplishment displayed in the authorities ‘s actions to make smaller category sizes, it is now more of precedence within schools to move on the information and work towards smaller categories as it is turn outing to be successful. Based on authori ties consequences and theoreticians, the success of the passage to smaller categories is sketching the significance category size has on pupil acquisition. When measuring the schoolroom environment, temperature is a critical construct as it can impact pupil ‘s behavior and in return their ability to take on cognition. Marsh ( 2008 ) states that â€Å" Common sense would bespeak that there is a reasonably limited temperature scope in which school pupils might be expected to work at their best † . She explains that high temperatures can do some pupils to be cranky and uncomfortable and in utmost instances both unenrgetic and nauseating. Equally good as cold temperatures that may convey out aggression and negative behavior in some pupils within the schoolroom. The temperature of a schoolroom can be altered through the usage and execution of osculating ceiling fans, oil and gas fired warmers and air-conditioning. Marsh ( 2008 ) . It is the duty of the instructor to be cognizant of the possibilities of temperature emphasis if excessively high or low temperatures prevail and adjust their activities consequently. Temperature is a critical facet on the schoolroom environment. It can change how a pupil feels and in return their attitude to school and instruction. Therefore temperature has considerable impact on a pupil ‘s ability to larn comfortably and expeditiously. A pupil ‘s ability to larn is extremely affected by the constructs of the schoolroom environment. Students go to school to be educated and this instruction can be manipulated by many factors that exist within the schoolroom. Therefore changeless alteration and appraisal of schoolrooms is needed to guarantee that there is an addition of sufficient and effectual acquisition taking topographic point without distraction and hurt. By researching and admiting that the schoolroom environment has many constructs to it such as pick of coloring material, degree of noise, category size and temperature that all impact on how a pupil learns and their ability to larn. The school and instructors can work together to make a comfy acquisition environment to accommodate the acquisition demands of pupils.

FInancial Eco and Asset Pricing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

FInancial Eco and Asset Pricing - Essay Example Transitivity of preferences suggests that consumer is able to make a choice between different alternatives and these choices are transitivite i.e. if choice A is preferred over choice B and B is preferred over C than A is preferred over C. The choices made by the investors therefore need to follow these axioms in order to make them rational. The assumptions of expected utility hypothesis suggest that out of different choices available to the individual investor, only those choices will be preferred which can offer the highest expected value. The use of the expected utility hypothesis is specially more meaningful under the uncertain risk environment because investors tend to chose those investments which offer the higher expected values. However, higher expected values are often associated with the higher risk also. Considering the above discussion, the different assumptions of the mean variance theory under the simple decision problem as well as on the market equilibrium model sugges t that that at the given mean values, lower variance is preferred whereas at the given variance levels, higher mean values are preferred. Thus the assumptions of mean variance theory and analysis suggest that in any case the investor will be concerned with the mean and variance of his portfolio over the given period of time. The overall shape of the opportunity set however, depends upon the covariance of different assets in the portfolio. Properties of the indifference curve under the mean variance analysis are based on the assumption that the returns are elliptically distributed. Based on this, the optimal portfolio is constructed when the asset returns are tangential to the capital market line. Portfolios with higher returns will be tangential on the upper part of the capital market line suggesting that the higher indifference curves will lie where the overall standard deviation of the portfolio is lower and mean returns are higher. It is also implied from this analysis that for a n individual investor, the optimal portfolio will lie on the CML in such a manner that his total wealth will be divided between the tangency portfolio and the risk free assets. The optimal portfolio however, is achieved where the slope i.e. the sharpe ratio is at the highest. In order to understand as to how the mean variance assumptions help to generate the market equilibrium, it is important to assume the homogeneity of the expectations held by all the investors. According to the two fund separation theorem, all the investors actually held the efficient portfolios and that the holding of risky securities is always done in the same proportion thus in order to generate the market equilibrium, it is important that the market portfolio is constructed by having the same portfolio weights. Under these assumptions the CAPM will therefore generate the market equilibrium in such a manner that the above equation provide the equilibrium relationship between the risk and return under the assu mptions made under mean variance analysis and CAPM. 2) A model is always considered as good if it attempt to provide answers to the different emerging problems and help to sort them out. However, every model is based on certain assumptions under which the different propositions of the model work and if these assumptions

Police Misconduct Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Police Misconduct - Research Paper Example guilty men to walk the street and innocent men to sit in jail, governments should have appropriate measures in place to protect the public from police misconduct. 1) Carnell, Yvette. "Dont Shoot! A Case for Reigning in Rogue Cops." The Atlanta Post. 3 May 2011. Web. 27 May 2011. . 4) "Indian Diplomats Daughter, 18, Sues for $1.5m over police Cells Toilet Humiliation | Mail Online." Mail Online. 25 May 2011. Web. 27 May 2011. . 5) Kaariainen, Juha, Tomi Lintonen, Ahti Laitinen, and Joycelyn Pollock. "The Code of Silence: Are Self-Report Surveys a Viable Means for Studying Police Misconducts?" Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention 9.2 (2008): 86-96. Print. 6) "Man Shot 6 times by Billings Police Officer Sues for Excessive Force." The Republic. 20 May 2011. Web. 27 May 2011. . 7) Miller, Joel, and Robert C. Davis. "Unpacking Public Attitudes to the Police: Contrasting Perceptions of Misconduct with Traditional Measures of Satisfaction." International Journal of Police Science and Management 10.1 (2008): 9-22.

Leadership in context 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Leadership in context 1 - Essay Example Many incidents occur in management because of the misconception which arises between leaders in the organization where by they should understand that management is doing things right while leadership is dong the right things. Leadership is very interesting because it does not only have a concern with the management task, but it also explores sociological nature of mankind. Critical Analysis According to Burnes (2009) critical analysis of communication approaches applied in organizational change affects the implementation of organizational in the modern society. This is because the approach involved in change evaluates results to less attention. Change in leadership has always been a characteristic in organizational life though many of the people urge that frequency and magnitude are greater than ever before. Today businesses face an increased challenge of funds in competition in the markets for their inputs. According to Lewis (2011) organization must take in to consideration the dri ving forces and restraining forces for change whereby the driving forces must exceed the restraining forces. Regardless of the challenges and dynamics, the business environment organization must adopt their ethical behaviors and practices in real life time and external conditions. Basing argument with Conant and Ashby philosophy in implementation theory outlines that the research agenda in organizational changes towards contingency includes observing an organizational change initiative by using a different process of models. Again it focuses on identifying and diagnosing how and when to respond to break down changes in an organization. Therefore, ones model to fit in an organization results to strategic questioning in the research agenda by comparing the advantages of organizational model fitness (Wagner 2012). According to Burnes (2004), change has always been a characteristic of organizational life, although many argue that frequency and magnitude of change is now greater than eve r before. The implication of this statement with respect to contemporary understanding of the change process is that, management makes the system of the people and technology flow in a systematic way in day to day life thus making the organization technology to run effectively and efficiently. Basically, according to today’s life, change in leadership is much more in relation to putting more effort in order to change the whole process of management in the organization thus making it move faster and more efficiently (Burnes 2009). Change leadership is more about the people, and their decision making plans according to vision and mission in their project activities. Change in leadership has potential of controlling things in an organization; for example, in today’s world, the talks are always on the side of change in management hence the world does not do much about change in leadership since it is associated with the ways on how to make things move in an orderly manner. It maybe hindered by some the challenges, but the fact is that there is nobody who is perfect in doing the right thing, so it is obviously a big deal in most of the organizations. The goal is often set to minimize the distractions and the impact of change which concerns’ with the driving forces and visions in the organization. Models of Planned Change The models have been highly

Has neoliberalism impacted men and women differently Essay - 1

Has neoliberalism impacted men and women differently - Essay Example The economic, political and cultural realities in throughout the globe have been undergoing radical transformation for the last more than three decades. The shifts towards neoliberalism have converged the concepts of liberalism with the market ideologies and principles. It has indeed been crucial to the extent it exerted a crucial impact in altering the gender geographies in many parts of the world. However it has also brought in new issues, new modes of regulating the selves and subjectivities, new ideological apparatuses stressing upon certain representations and exemplars, lifestyles, culminating in hegemonic forms of masculinity and femininity, and eventually the hegemony of market itself. A significant platform through which this mode of â€Å"neoliberal governmentality has been understood and discussed is the very idea of instrumentality, as Butler, Joan Scott and others have done† (Gill and Schraff, 2011: 5). ... technological devices have not only not eradicated the traditional structures of inequality but also have exacerbated the complexities through which the former structures are reproduced and/or operationalised in albeit new fashions. The two broad epistemological and pragmatic fields where the structures of inequality, subjugation and subjectivisation are constantly articulated are one, political and cultural and two economic and the global circulation of capital (Butler, 2004; Gill 2009; Gill and Schraff 2011). For the last more than three decades scholars and activists around the world have pointed at the varying schemes of capital at the worldwide level and the surging motives of profit relying chiefly on the availability of labour and, sometimes, resources from the so called Third world nations. This global paradigm is further conditioned within the gender realities that persist within these geo-political terrains to the extent women and children, especially from lower classes, ha ve continued to remain the primary victims of these neoliberal, neocolonial tactics (Nash and Safa 1976; Nash and Fernhdez-Kelly 1983; Leacock and Safa 1986). These gender realities were invariably products of a global economic circuits that was and still is western centric and a western centred discourse of human rights according to which these geo-political locales, on the one hand, were depicted as having highly degenerated human rights situation and, on the other hand, opened new areas for further socio-economic interventions (Nash and Safa 1976; Nash and Fernhdez-Kelly 1983; Leacock and Safa 1986). The relationship between the rich and poor in terms of an imbalance between the global west and the rest (Hall, 1994) is another major paradigm where the question of gender is hijacked and

Civil Rights Movement Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Civil Rights Movement - Research Paper Example While on the other hand, same words even refer to the atrocities experienced by African American while they stood up for their rights. The most disturbing picture that comes to our minds when we talk of civil rights is the mass murder of black school girls who were killed while they were participating in Sunday school and a bomb struck the 16th street Baptist Church. Such images marks the movements made by the blacks to gain their rights and the aggressive response of the whites (Mertz, 2010). Through the Civil Rights Movement is said to have initiated during the 1950s, but its origins date back to the era when first Africans migrated to US. The base of the entire Civil Rights Movement was laid down by the fight for rights conducted by the early slaved African Americans. Body History During 1619, first ever slaves were transacted to America and the slavery of the blacks continued until Civil War broke out and the 13th Amendment was passed. Even after blacks gained their freedom, they were still not educated and had little or no ownership of property and were subjected to unequal treatment especially in the Southern region where the majority of the slave used to live. To solve the scenario and to help blacks adjust with the whites, several reforms were made during the 10 years period of 1865 and 1875, this ten year period was recognized as the Reconstruction era (McGuire, 2011). One of the major measures taken the government was the 14th and the 15th Amendment which provided the African Americans with the right to vote and to be considered as equal citizens of US. Drastic moves were made, but these moves and their effect existed for a very short period of time. The white population in the South made every move to ensure that blacks do not enjoy the newly rights given to them by the government. Blacks were subjected to harassing behavior, those who harassed them includes the KKK (Ku Klux Klan). The KKK inflicted pain due to which the blacks were not able to exerc ise their newly awarded rights. The rights assigned to the blacks were already being violated and during this period, all the efforts of the blacks to gain their rights experienced a huge setback due to the Supreme Court’s ruling in the case of Plessy vs. Ferguson case. The ruling stated that if the facilities provided to both the races are equal in nature, then the blacks and whites can divided legally (Anderson, 1986). The problem was that the black population never enjoyed equal rights and the decision of the court provided the whites with the power of being an obstacle in letting the blacks enjoy their basic rights. The power of the whites led to the creation of Jim Crow laws, according to these laws different public properties were created for the blacks and whites, these properties include: public schools, parks, restaurants and vehicles. Due to these laws and the division of public property, black Americans stood against the strategies of the government that were unequ al and unjust in nature. A very prominent figure who stood up against these acts of discrimination was W.E.B Du Bois. This figure urged the black Americans to stand up for their rights and this followed the creation of NAACP

Shipping Regulations Dis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Shipping Regulations Dis - Essay Example Nevertheless, what is the main purpose of shipping regulations? This essay evaluates the relevance of some of the present shipping regulations. The overall purposes of shipping regulations, as Bloor et al. elaborates, is to enhance safety in the industry (172). The regulating bodies aim at ensuring maximum safety to the public as well as the freight handlers. Some of the transported goods, for example the hazardous goods, pose significant health risk to the public. For his reason, the regulating authority defines the standard ways of packaging, labeling and the overall handling of such cargos. In addition, the regulating body is mindful of the safety of goods in the passage. The shipping process involves multiple transfers of goods from different agencies. For instance, cargos are interchanged from the Carter to the freight forwarder and the airline. If the entire process is not regulated, goods may be damaged or stolen along the away. To avoid this, the shipping process is controlled, thus ensuring that goods in transit get to the destination safely. The present shipping regulations are, in my opinion, enough to accomplish the safety purpose. Firstly, there are minimal incidences of the harmful occurrences that reported during shipping. In addition, the present system is secure enough with very few instances of loss or damage to goods while in transit. However, the system may benefit from an increased investment in technology. The shipping industry ought to be up to speed with the growing technology. Incorporating modern technology may include the use of robotic packaging and inspection gadgets, among other computer-related mechanisms. Such measures will increase speed and efficiency while still maintaining safety in the shipping industry. In conclusion, the shipping industry is a sensitive area that requires a high standard of safety. Although the present system has significantly catered

The Beat Generation & The Hippie Movement Research Paper

The Beat Generation & The Hippie Movement - Research Paper Example However, the first youth upheavals - clumsy, without any clear program, but rough and wild, began in the 1950s and paved the way for the successors. The Beat Generation as a cultural phenomenon clearly manifested itself in the early and mid 1950s. Kerouac, who coined the term, stated that it derives from the word â€Å"beatitude† – beat and attitude – attitude towards life of an anti-conformist generation with a unique world outlook which strives for spiritual communion, infinite love and bliss. There are many interpretations of that Kerouac‘s â€Å"beat†. A young beatnik as a media stereotype of the movement is â€Å"broken†, â€Å"crushed†, â€Å"worn out† and â€Å"tired† of the western society of that time. Beatniks were ardent fans of jazz also. That’s why the neologism could be originated by jazz rhythm. The word â€Å"beatnik† appeared in the American language on April 2, 1958 with a helping hand from a San Francisco Chronicle journalist, Pulitzer Prize winner Herb Caen, who used it in his column. He added to the English word â€Å"beat† (taken in any meaning named above) the Russian suffix – â€Å"nik†, taken from the popular Russian word â€Å"sputnik† (satellite), which became international. This research of American subcultures will be inconsistent without mentioning avant-garde Lettrism, inspired by Dada and Surrealism. It deeply influenced postmodern art and society as called to break with old traditions. It was founded in the early 1950s in France by Isidore Isou, a Romanian-born poet. The ideology was based on the postulate of degeneration of words as spoken symbols in the modern world. Therefore, the followers of Lettrism preferred, for example, to write private letters instead of long telephone conversations; write slogans, not novels. The Lettrists also loved to alter state of consciousness and perform. They roamed around the cities and vill ages of America in their weird painted clothes strongly ridiculing the postwar consumer society, banality of mass culture and absurdity of political and social system. The Beat Generation kept apace with the Lettrists. Birthplace of the Beat movement is New York. In the 1950s - early 1960s, a group consisting of artists, writers, poets, among which are Ken Kesey, Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg, William Burroughs, Lawrence Ferlinghetti and their fans has drawn a large public interest. But the subculture was logically developed and received cult status in California, in particular, in its southern part, associated with the famous Venice beach art colony. It was vividly described in the famous book by Lawrence Lipton – The Holy Barbarians. In the mid-1950s, the Beatniks staged performances named Jazz and Poetry in beach cafes. Their core motif was the representation of the rebellious, colorful spirit of the slums and the attempt to romanticize life of â€Å"white trash† - t he one that has a significant influence on modern American culture to this day. The Beat movement was not massive. But their antagonism toward common values and fatigue from bourgeois contemporaries (hitchhiking trips and hipster way of life of the Kerouac’s heroes in the novels On the Road, Dharma Bums; Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance by Robert Pirsig), talented immersion in literature (Howl by Ginsberg), forced confrontation (like the one at a mental hospital in Kesey’s One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest, where the character of the senior nurse Ratched and the hospital itself are the allusion to the state)) and artistic delights, as well as the desire to turn away from social and political problems and experiments with drugs (novel Junkie and Naked Lunch by Burroughs; The Island and The Doors of Perception by Aldous

The Neo-Malthusian Population theory Essay Example for Free

The Neo-Malthusian Population theory Essay As stated the Neo-Malthusian population theory claims that poor nations are stuck in a cycle of poverty which they cant get out of unless some sort of preventative measures of population checks are engaged. The Malthusian model was developed two centuries ago by a man named Thomas Malthus. Malthuss model is based upon a relationship between both population growth as well as economic development. Empirical studies now-a-days show that the population theory model is quite flawed because of many factors that render even the two main variables in the theory (population growth and level of per-capita income) not fit to be used within the same conceptual frame work as there is no clear link between them. Egypt and Kuwait are perfect examples where the model would clearly fail to explain the unexpected link between population growth rate and comparative economic development respectively. As hitherto stated the Malthusian population theory is based on two factors; population growth and economic development. Primarily the theory at its core states that there is a tendency in countries unless there is a problem with the food supply that its population is going to double every 30 to 40 years. Based on this model of doubling growth rate; because of fixed factors such as land, food supplies and the population having less land to work on to because of the proposed growth rate, the individuals contribution to food production would go down. The theory further proposes that because the food supply could not match the growing population per capita incomes based at the time on an agrarian society, the end result accordingly would be a stable population which is barely leading a stable population that is living barely at subsistence level. Malthus felt that according to his theory that the only way to avoid being stuck in this loop of abject poverty was to engage in what he called moral restraint. Moral restraint is basically acknowledging the fact that our contribution to the population is leading the populous to a state of economic deprivation. In an indirect way as Todaro puts it Malthus was the father of the birth control movement, he furthermore stated that we are morally obligated to regulate birth rate because of the economic and social repercussions that accompany that growth. Modern day economists have named  Malthuss theory perhaps justifiably as the Malthusian population trap; justifiably named in my opinion because of the difficulty is reducing birthrates let alone the actual size of the population and escaping abject poverty. The Malthusian population theory is based upon two important factors that formulate its ideology: population and per capita income (based on aggregate production). The theory in detail states that at a very low level of per capita income, the population change will be zero and a stable population will exist, this is seen in the case of absolute poverty where the birth rates are equivalent to the death rates. The equilibrium between birth rates and death rates is reached quite simply because higher incomes means less starvation and disease so the more the population expands the more people will die because of starvation or other causes because there is only so much food to cover their needs. The theory also states that if the population achieves its maximum rate at an even higher per capita income it is still assumed that the population will remain at the same size and unlikely that any real change will be noticed until higher per capita incomes are realized. The other part to the theory states that there is a link between growth rates of aggregate income (when there is no population growth) and the levels of per capita income. A directly proportionate conclusion might easily be reached that if aggregate income is rising then per capita income has to be increasing and if the total population is growing faster than the total income, per capita income must be falling. The ideology of the theory doesnt stop here because it is based on the positive assumption that saving increases with the incremental increase of income. Quite simply countries that have a higher per capita income are assumed to be able to generate a higher savings rate and rationally more money is available for investment. It is assumed though that beyond a certain point in per capita income is supposed to level off and in some cases decline as new investments are made and more people are forced to work with fixed amount of land and resources. This is called the point of diminishing returns in the Malthusian model, the aggregate income growth is analogous of the total production curve, at least  thats how the basic theory of production goes. Quite simply when the population is growing faster than actual income, per capita will always fall, similarly when income grows faster than population it causes the equilibrium per capita income to rise. The pretence of the theory states that poor nations will never be able to rise above subsistence levels of per capita unless they apply a system of checks (birth control) upon the population. Without birth control nature has its own positive checks such as starvation, disease, wars that will do what humans fail to accomplish in birth control. The Malthusian trap as simple and as appealing as a theory concerning the relationship between population growth and economic development goes is based on simplistic assumption that Todaro and anyone with logic can curtail do not stand the test of empirical verifications. Malthus completely ignores the huge impact that technology has on hindering the growth-inhibiting factors of rapid population increase. Malthus had no way of knowing 200 years ago the effects that technology has on either raising the quality of land or the advancements that were to be made to tools to further enhance the production of the same amount of land. Rapid and continuing technological progress can be presented by a clear upward shift of income growth. Per capita has to grow over time hence giving a chance to all countries in escaping the Malthusian population trap. The second criticism of the trap is that he assumes that national rates of population increase are directly related to national per capita income. Clear research in LDCs show that there is no clear link between population growth rates and level of per capita income. With the institution of modern medicine and public health programs, death rates have fallen lower with no real relationship to per capita income levels. The real measure is not aggregate level of per capita but rather the real factor effecting population growth is how the income is distributed. If we were to take Egypt for example as you had suggested we would find that it had been trying to implement birth control programs as early as  1966, even though Egypt is looked upon as a successful model in decreasing its population, per capita income more than anything has been going down, simply because a population cant be decreased over night. Another important point that falsifies the model when we look at Egypt we find a rather strong economic buffer for the poor since expensive goods like bread and many medicines are subsidized by the government making it more likely that the population will not be naturally thinned out by means of positive checks as the theory curtails. If we were to look at purchasing power per capita of Kuwait we would find it $ 15,000 as apposed to Egypts measly $ 3,700. Kuwait also has a growth rate of 3.33 % as apposed to Egypts 1.66 %. The mere stating of these numbers completely falsifies the Malthusian model by all means here is a country like Egypt with a low population growth rate and a very low per capita income whereas Kuwait has a much higher growth rate but also five time the per capita income that Egypt posses. The theory overlooked not only technological aspects but completely over looked rentee economies like Kuwait have populations that can never be effected by supply of food. The Malthusian model is well based in theory and looks quite good on paper however it hardly holds water when applied to either real life nations or when critically analyzed as I have attempted to during the writing of this paper. Quite notably countries like Egypt and Kuwait completely bring the theory to its feet without much effort. I believe that when Malthus wrote his theory 200 years ago this was by all means a complete revolution even in the ideology of thought when he tried to find out why some nations remained poor no matter what they did.

Sustainable Food Preparation Essay Example for Free

Sustainable Food Preparation Essay Through out the world food preparation has become more damaging to the world. In London, food creates 19 million tones of greenhouse gas emissions per year which is more than from all of London’s transport and all of London’s houses. Sustainable food is safe, healthy and nutritious, for consumers in shops, restaurants, schools, and hospitals etc, and can meet the needs of the less well off people and provides a livable livelihood for farmers, processors and retailers, whose employees enjoy a safe and hygienic working environment whether in the Australia  or overseas. The main steps to have a fully sustainable restaurant include: 1) Providing local, organic and vegetarian menu options. 2) Choosing foods and other products with little or no packaging. 3) Using reusable cutlery, cups, glasses, plates and platters. 4) Storing foods appropriately. 5) Reduce waste. 6) Reducing water consumption. 7) Trying to grow some of your own food. 8) Supporting fair trade. 9) Raising awareness. 10) Using smaller portions. 11) Using short cooking methods such as microwaving, stir frying and grilling. Although practices vary, farmers who grow sustainable food to avoid weed, disease and pest problems, get nitrogen from natural sources like green manure and compost, practice soil conservation, minimize soil erosion and eliminate or limit the contamination of water with agricultural chemicals. The strategies they use to control pests are not harmful to the farmer, the consumer or the land and soil structure. In America, Ohio State’s dining services programs are actively committed to helping the earth. Initiatives such as local purchasing in Ohio, providing eco-friendly, biodegradable containers and utensils, offering  tray-less and bag-free service, work to support the local economy, reduce waste, and conserve water resources. Food waste is sent through the facility’s food pulper, shipped off-site and repurposed as compost or other byproduct. Used cooking oil is recycled and converted into bio-diesel fuel. They also convince Patrons can do their part in helping us reduce our environmental mpact by recycling their packaged products, purchasing one of our reusable bags or bringing their own, and visiting us with their reusable beverage containers. Customers who bring in their reusable mugs receive coffee for the price of a small. Sustainable food in both the commercial and home kitchen provides a much greener future and by taking time to use these methods for preparing food, you are able to create both a healthier meal and much healthier earth.

Factors Affecting Human Intelligence Psychology Essay

Factors Affecting Human Intelligence Psychology Essay The objective of this context is to discuss human intelligence. To achieve the following sub titles constituted as guidelines for the discussion; anatomy of human of intelligence, theories of human intelligence and factors affecting human intelligence Anatomy of Human Intelligence Human nature has intelligence that governs the human mental ability and to as cognitive ability. Despite being a widely studied and debated topic there is still lack of a universal definition for intelligence because of its compound and many-faceted nature i.e it engages multiple areas of the brain, instead of just having one intelligence center. Intelligence facilitates the gaining of knowledge and consequent wide applications in solving problems. The roots of intelligence are biological and it is believed to have evolved over time and is connected to structure of the brain and its development in that the intelligence quotients are related to the brain volume (Frohlich, 2004). According to Sternberg (1981), psychologists and laymen agree that intelligent people are characterized by their capacity for solving problems, their expertise with language and their open-minded nature to innovation. According to Flinn et al (2004), the evolution of human intelligence has been so rapid compared to other species such that the human brain increased by about 250% in less than 3 million years. This is evidenced by remarkable behavioral changes of the past few generations. They further argue that the high evolution rates leading to greatest complexity in human are due to the demand of their environment citing ecological demands, such as hunting or climatic variability and selective pressures favoring other species compared to them. Research on human intelligence has become intense in trying to answer the several questions raised on basic structure and mechanisms of intelligence following the discoveries made in relation to genetics of intelligence and its functioning in the most recent stages of human development. In trying to classify intelligence, the following three classes were arrived at; social intelligence, natural or potential intelligence and academic intelligence. The social intelligence is a practical mode of intelligence used in making day to day life decisions in all fields. Natural or potential intelligence helps in acquisition of knowledge and cognitive abilities essential for easy interaction with the surrounding environment. The third form of intelligence is more of as measure of the cumulative levels of the former two types of intelligence describing the complexity of intelligence and is characterized by the IQ tests. Modern psychology classifies intelligence in two categories namely fluid int elligence and crystallized intelligence. Fluid intelligence is mainly the use of self acquired knowledge through life experiences to solve challenges and crystallized intelligence is more like academic knowledge as it largely depends on long-term memory. However all these different forms of intelligence are dependent and do not operate in isolation (Colom Pueyo 2000). Theories of Human Intelligence In an endeavor to understand human intelligence, there are various theories advanced to explain it. They can be divided into the unilateral construct based on unitary entity of general intelligence and those based on multiple dissimilar activities. Some of the theories discussed below include Psychometric approach theories, Piagets stages of cognitive development, Sternbergs Triarchic theory of intelligence and Gardners multiple intelligences theory. Psychometric approach to understanding intelligence is the most used and is based on psychometric tests. Some of the theories advanced based on this include; Charles Spearman in 1904 came up with Two-factor Theory of intelligence as a way of measuring general intelligence using Tetrad Differences. His basic inputs were common sense (native capacity) and sensory discriminations. It stated that every test can be divided into a g factor and an s factor. Where the g-factor measures the general factor or common function among ability tests and the s-factor measures the specific factor unique to a particular ability test. This however had its limitations because the g factor showed that any cognitive ability regardless of how different they were had a positive correlation (Spearman, 1904). Following the shortcomings of Spearman, L.L. Thurstone came up with the Centroid method for modern factor analysis. Modern factor analysis took in seven orthogonal factors referred to as Primary Mental Abilities; verbal comprehension, word fluency, numerical capability, spatial visualization, associative memory, speed of understanding and reasoning to yield multi factors, unlike Spearmans single factor yield (Thurstone, 1934). Raymond B. Cattel spotted a weakness in the former theories as a result of the use of single generation in trying to measure intelligence. He developed The Gf-Gc Theory measuring intelligence using fluid intelligence (Gf) and crystallized intelligence (Gc) to account for differences between children/adolescents and adults. The Gf represented the ability to discriminate and perceive relations while Gc represented the ability to differentiate earlier established relations using Gf. He supposed that crystallized intelligence increases gradually to old age where it slowly declines whereas fluid intelligence reaches a peak in adolescents and remains almost constant through adulthood (Carroll,1993). J. P. Guilford ventured more into the adulthood intelligence developing a Structure-of-Intellect model (SI model). The model had a 3-D cube shaped model with five categories of how the information is presented on a test, six operation categories of what is done on a test and six product categories of the form in which information is processed on a test. Upon conducting a test and filling all the categories, the point of intersection provides foundation for generating hypothesis of intelligence (Carroll, 1993). Using re-analysis of several data sets John B. Carrol proposed the Three Stratum Theory. This consists of three different levels of intelligence. The first layer represents narrow abilities that are highly specialized, the second level represents moderate abilities but in several areas and Spearmans concept was a sufficient representation for the third level (Carroll, J. B. 1993). The latest work using psychometric approach is the Cattel-Horn-Carrol (CHC) Theory. This is an amalgamation of The Gf-Gc theory, Horn theory and The Three-Stratum Theory. According to Horward Gardner (1999) psychometric tests had ignored other forms of intelligence of equal importance; that our minds handle different tasks using several cognitive mechanisms and not through a single centralized system. He therefore developed Theory of Multiple Intelligences basing his studies on both the normal and abnormal personnel coming up with eight different components of intelligence with the eighth one just added in 1999. Robert Sternberg came up with Triarchic Theory of intelligence based on three aspects of intelligence. These were creative intelligence (experiential), analytic (componential) intelligence and practical (contextual) intelligence; where analytical intelligence deals with academic brilliance, creative intelligence deals with insights, fusion and reaction to events while practical intelligence deals with acquiring knowledge, understanding and dealing with life challenges. He was of the opinion that general intelligence is only but part of analytic intelligence and therefore cannot give a full insight of intelligence. Following its use in evaluation of individual success in the modern times this has later been named as Theory of Successful Intelligence by Sternberg (Sternberg, 1984, p.271). Jean Piaget advanced one of the used theories in the development of school curriculums. He used the development approach in the study of intelligence. His view was that growing up is a process that has stages and every stage bracket has its maximum capabilities. The group stages of development he came up with are Sensimotor stage (0-2 years), preoperational stage (2-7 years), Concrete stage (7-11 years)Â  and formal operational stage (11 years and above). At Sensimotor stage (0-2) intelligence is based on perception and how other objects work, the thoughts occur mentally and cannot be expressed. In the preoperational stage (2-7 years) one learns to speak, image representation of objects with the thoughts being external. Concrete stage (7-11 years)Â  involves logic reasoning and thinking. The formal operational stage (11 years and up) is the final stage of development of human intelligence. His theory suggests that growth of intelligence is continuous process of assimilation and acc ommodation of new ideas and which lead to expansion of field of applications. Factors affecting Human Intelligence Human intelligence is affected by biological factors, environmental factors and ethical factors. Biologically genes pass cognitive abilities from parents to the children through the DNA. This is evidenced by a number of factors that include the correlation of IQs between an individual and the parent, hereditary brain diseases, similar IQs in identical twins, similarity in brain language areas among family members and cognitive skill such as verbal and spatial abilities, reaction times, and even some personality qualities, including emotional reactions to stress. Intelligence is connected to structure of the brain and its development in that the intelligence quotients are related to the brain volume. Since intelligence is affected by the brains some factors like ratio of brain weight to body weight, the ratio in for instance of brain weight to body weight in a fish is 1:5000 whereas in humans it is 1:50. Occasionally brains metabolic activity may lower intelligence for big brains. The size of the frontal lobe critically affects fluid intelligence tests Other factors affecting intelligence related to the brain include location of the grey matter tissue and its volume and the overall thickness of the cortex (Colom Pueyo, 2000). Environmental effects are affect intelligence of human population both at individual and group levels. Some environmental factors are either enhanced or suppressed by the genes of the individual. The social set up has impacts on the level of intelligence attained by an individual as it dictates things like what he does, what he values and how he lives. This is attested by the different level of intelligence of different communities living in different locations say urban-rural places. Their different tend to improve one aspect of intelligence compared to the other set up. Occupation of individuals also tends to affect their intelligence depending with the scope pr demand of their job jurisdiction. Education is also a major factor influencing level of intelligence; this will depend on the level of education where highly educated individual is likely to have a high level of intelligence compared to one with low levels of education in general skills and problem-solving and abstract thin king. Another environmental factor affecting intelligence is nutrition, it has been largely converged that prolonged malnutrition during childhood has long-term effects on level of intelligence. Intelligence is also affected by the manipulation of existing normal conditions; eugenics is currently being practiced to improve the human species by improving human genes. This is mainly to correct congenital disorders and cognitive skills. There are also studies being conducted to try coming up with artificial intelligence through increasing IQs and also using machines. There major cognitive skills of interest are reasoning, knowledge, perception and reaction (Flinn, 2005) Ethical issues also affect human intelligence. In this work the ethical issues discussed are privacy, accuracy and accessibility. Human intelligence is likely to be compromised by wrong information availed to it leading to wrong conclusions or decisions. Lack of information or refrained access to vital information required later translates to lack of knowledge which limits the level of operation of the human intelligence. Human intelligence is surely a not so well understood phenomenon that still requires more research to give a clear insight and understanding of its complex nature. Simulation and improvement of the advanced theories will be key to any further development in these field

Otosclerosis :: Research Hearing Essays

Otosclerosis Hearing serves a very important function in our lives. Much of the time, it is taken for granted. We tend not to appreciate it, until it starts to fail. There are many disorders that can cause a difficulty in hearing and hearing loss. One such disorder is otosclerosis. This disorder deserves a significant amount of research. Not only because we are dependent on our sense of hearing, but because its effects are far reaching. So much so, that it is hard to comprehend how we could ever live without it. It has even been said that Beethoven had otosclerosis. Toward the end of his career, he could not even hear his own music (Goldstein, 1999). Its effects are devastating and are well worth studying. Otosclerosis is a middle-ear disorder. The hearing loss is usually conductive, affecting the bones in the middle ear that conduct sound to the inner ear. This conductive hearing loss is caused by the growth of a spongy bone-like tissue that prevents the ossicles (bones of the middle ear) from moving well. One of the first signs is a small growth of the tissue in the middle ear. This is often in front of the oval window, which separates the middle ear from the inner ear. This can begin in early childhood or adolescence. The tissue may grow rapidly and become hard. The bone tissue grows over the stapes ossicle attaching it to the oval window. At first, hearing loss occurs in the low frequencies. High frequencies are affected next, followed by the loss of hearing in the middle frequencies. Otosclerosis usually begins in one ear, but the other ear often develops it as well (Otosclerosis, 1998). There are different categories of otosclerosis. "Subclinical Otosclerosis" occurs when the tissue does not interfere with the ossicles. A person may have this form for many years and not know it. Another category is "Clinical Otosclerosis." This type can be present in the teen years, but not detected until the young adult years. It is rare for it to occur after the age of fifty. The last category of"Histologic Otosclerosis" occurs when the tissue is present, but it may or may not cause hearing loss. "Cochlear Otosclerosis" has been used to refer to sensorineural hearing loss. This is caused by abnormal blood flow to the middle ear, rather than growth of tissue (Otosclerosis, 1998). Otosclerosis is the most frequent cause of middle ear hearing loss.

Teaching Philosophy Statement Essay example -- Teacher Education Educa

Teaching Philosophy Statement Most teachers once they begin teaching rarely think about what philosophy they follow, or how they teach. It’s like second nature. A comparison can be drawn from the act of reading. One does not think about how they read, they just read. Teaching is the same. The teacher draws up lesson plans and such, being what they teach, but how to teach the lesson is usually not in the forefront of their thought, especially for experienced teachers. This just comes naturally. The underlying philosophy of how to teach is always present in the teacher’s method however transparent it may become to the teacher over years of instructing. How this process works is like spreading butter on a slice of bread. Philosophy is like the butter knife you use, it can be varied. A spoon, spatula, or even a finger could be used to spread the butter and they all get the job done, just in a different manner. However, the butter and the bread remain constant; they are the teaching materia l and students respectively. The vast majority of teachers do not choose to use one utensil exclusively, they instead use a knife sometimes, a spoon others, or even a finger at need. Most teachers follow a conglomerate of bits and pieces of all the philosophies. This is a very effective approach because all students can learn, regardless of their learning style. The teacher that combines all these methods into a single productive teaching style practices eclecticism. This is my philosophy of the classroom. I believe that all of the philosophies have distinct merits when applied correctly. Also I believe that certain students respond better to certain philosophies of teaching. Jim may disdain all material that he d... ...ehaviorism falls out of importance as the student grows. One major achievement that came from this philosophy is programmed learning. I own a CD-rom study guide for a class that follows the programmed learning study method and it has helped me tremendously on my learning. As a teacher, one must identify their own philosophy and learn how to best utilize it in the classroom. All philosophies are aimed at the best interest of the student. It is the task of the teacher to decide the method by which they wish to accomplish the education of their students. All teachers have to spread the butter on the bread; it is the choice to use the knife, spoon, spatula, or finger that determines our teaching potency. I will choose to use the tools that will spread the butter most evenly and efficiently, for the benefit of the bread, not just by mere favor of a utensil.

Weather Forecasting :: essays research papers

Weather Forecasting In researching this project I was amazed to find the many books on this topic. After going through much information and reading an enormous amount of writing on weather forecasting I can only come to one conclusion that when all is considered the best forecasters can only give an educated guess of what is in store for weather. Through the many means at their disposal, such as satellites, ships at the ocean, infrared, radio, and radar transmissions even with all of these techniques no prediction is 100% accurate. One question that I asked myself was "when was the first weather forecasting ever done?", I found out that in 1863 in Britain there was a united forecasting system headed by Captain Robert Fitzroy. Captain Fitzroy would send ships around Britain to warn people of storms and such. However, he was often wrong and criticized and therefor committed suicide. Since then there have been many other services, but the largest one currently is the National Weather Service. The National Weather Service gives predictions for all of the world through satellite imagery for all countries. Also in recent history many local television and radio stations have made private forecasts for small areas. Meteorologists are people who interpret the weather, the reason I don't say predict the weather is because even though all forecasters have the same information and data at their fingertips, the way that they interpret what is in front of them can be different. Meteorologists receive information from various sources, but their interpretation of the data determines the accuracy of their prediction. Someone might ask, "If forecasters have so much information on a particular area; how could they predict a flawed forecast ?" The answer to that question lies in the fact that any one of a number of weather conditions may ruin a forecast. A fast cold or hot front moving in, an unexpected flow from the ocean or a cold wind may change the whole days forecast. There are many different materials and devices used by local and government services to predict the weather. Some of these devices are, Radar which is actually sound waves, which bounce off clouds and give location of storms this way. Another such device is actually a variation of radar called "Doppler Radar" actually can give the exact location of a storm within a kilometer. However, Doppler Radar is not used so much for everyday forecasting, but for tornadoes and very large storms. The way Doppler Radar works is almost the same as regular radar with one advantage, it also can measure the speed of an object or storm, which makes its prime usage tornado watching.

Butler Lumber Essay

After thorough review and analysis of Butler Lumber’s financial reports, I believe that it is in the best interest of Northrup National Bank to not only approve the requested $465,000 loan, but look to increase the loan amount. A review of the 5 C’s will show in more detail the decision to approve this loan: 1. Capacity/Cash Flow: Butler runs a lean operation that has allowed them to have success due to competitive pricing. They have met their financing needs by increasing their debt (notes payable) in order to keep up with the demand. However, their borrowing had led conjunctly to an increase in sales. Net sales have increased 59% over the 1988-1990 timeline and have been projected to increase by another 34% in 1991. From 1988-1990, for every $1000 borrowed, net sales increased by $4,278.96. By utilizing leverage, they have been able maintain their free cash flow and maintain their current ratio over 1.0. Although Free Cash Flow and current ratio have dropped over the past year, Butler has made large investments which have proven able to give a higher return, which will have significant payoff in the long run. By doing this, they will continue to have the ability to pay interest to debtholders, repay debtholders, and buy short-term investments. As business continues to grow, debt obligations will decrease and their current ratio will be back on the rise. (See Exhibit 1 and Exhibit 2). Based on this analysis, I believe the estimate for the loans requirements is light. I believe it would be in the best interest to pursue rolling the $247,000 owed to Suburban National Bank onto this line of credit. With the increased projection in sales, you are also seeing an increase in cost of goods sold. However, that number could be dramatically reduced if Butler had the appropriate capital or credit line to take advantage of the 2% discount for payments made within 10 days of the invoice date. If total cost of goods sold will be roughly $2 million in 1991, you could reduce that by over $40,000.00 simply by taking advantage of the 2% discount. Having quick access to capital will allow Butler to run their business more efficiently. 2. Capital: Butler has a good level of net worth compared to total assets. This has been continuously increasing from 1988-1990 and will be even higher in 1991. The reason for this is going back to their use of leverage. They increased notes payable from nothing to $247,000 in the three year span. By doing this they have been able to increase total assets at a much faster pace than their borrowing. Butler will be able to continue to increase its capital ratio with their new line of credit. Even with an increase in liabilities, Butler should have no problem repaying their debts, even if there were to be an economic downturn. They hold very little long term debt, so even with a decrease in sales they should be able to meet their financial obligations. They have equity in their plants and land and could utilize that if need be. Also, they have the ability to weather a crisis because of the amount of business that they have in home improvements. If there is a housing boom, people will lo ok to build new houses, where as if there is a backup in the housing market, people will stay in their house and do improvements. 3. Collateral: With rolling the almost $250,000.00 loan into this line of credit, and pursuing the increase in the total line of credit, I believe that this loans should be secured. I would keep the loans secured by the assets of the company and do not see the need to pursue personal collateral. We know that Mr. Butler currently has objections to using collateral, but if we can show him how having a large credit limit would be able to have a substantial positive impact to his bottom line, he should be comfortable with putting up company collateral and nothing personal. I would secure this using the company’s property as well as their inventory. At the end of the first quarter of 1991, Butler’s inventory was valued at $556,000 and its property at another $162,000. Because it would be such a large line that could help Butler Lumber, it needs to be understood that when working with that level of volume, some sort of collateral needs to be put up. We will be able to show how taking advantage of the 2 net 30 option, you can decrease cost of goods sold and increase net income with no strategic changes to business. Using this collateral would be a good way to recover some of the funds to reduce the loss if the company were to go bankrupt. However, when evaluating the performance of the company, it is believed that this company should be able to continue to produce strong results regardless of the economy and that the securitizing of the loan is an added safety precaution due to the increase size of this line of credit. 4. Conditions: The first thing that needs to be determined is the limit on the credit line. It was originally requested to obtain a limit of $465,000. However, it is recommended that we, as part of the approval process, refinance the current $247,000 loan to Suburban National Bank. If there were to be an issue, we do not want there to be a conflict on who needs to be paid first. Mr. Butler has had a working relationship with Suburban National Bank, but we do not see this to be an issue due to the fact they are capping him at $250,000. It is recommended that the limit exceed $750,000.00 but be no greater than $1,000,000.00. There needs to be enough capital infusion that they can meet all needs, take advantage of supplier discounts, and take advantage of short term opportunities. However, we do not want to exceed $1,000,000.00 because we do not want the company to become overly aggressive and invest more an inventory then can be sold, leaving them overleveraged and at bigger risk of de fault due to economic downturns. Next, we need to determine an appropriate interest rate for this line of credit. Based on economic outlook, it would be in the best interest of Northrup to make this a fixed loan based on the prime rate of interest. From February of 1989 to January of 1991, the prime rate of interest has dropped almost 2% and we believe it is going to be downward trending for the next three to four years before going back up (See Exhibit 3). Therefore, we believe we should do a prime plus 1% loan, giving an interest rate of 10%. As rates continue to drop, the value of this loan will continue to increase. If at any point we fear that this loan maybe paid off through an outside bank refinance, we can look to restructure this line of credit to a lower rate. Because this is a lower rate, we can pursue adding the balance of the loan to payoff the obligation of buying out Henry Stark. This is at roughly a $70,000 balance, which is secured by land and buildings with an 11% interest rate. This will lower Butler’s current debt obligations and will result in an increase in profit. Because this business appears to be in a growth phase, controls operations costs effectively, and has the ability to weather economic crisis better than others, this would be a good company to invest in. Next, we need to determine the duration of this line of credit. We need to clearly state that this will be reviewed every two to three years to revisit creditworthiness as well as ability to repay. If need be, the limit could be lowered. However, if the company continues to grow we can also evaluate the possibility of a credit limit increase. When determining fees, we need to realize that this is a competitive situation and they should be somewhat minimal. The commitment fee should be .50% per year. This falls right in line with the average. We will keep the closing fees at .25% in order to ensure they are on the low end and we can keep his business. We want to establish a working relationship with Mr. Butler so that we will be his only source of borrowing. We will not put a prepayment fee on this line of credit, but should continue to keep his business with reviews and potential changes and increases every two to three years. We also need to negotiate in appropriate covenants into this loan agreement. This will carry forward the reps and warrants that we have Mr. Butler sign. By adding the following covenants, we will be able mitigate risk for the bank and allow us to detect any signs for potential default early, allowing us time to evaluate our next steps before it is too late. The following covenants should be documented: * Notification of borrowing outside of our bank * Detailed description of usage of loan proceeds * Quarterly Financial Reporting sent to Northrup * Maintain ethical and legal responsibilities * Notification of any major business impacts such as mergers, acquisitions, and business model changes. By installing these conditions, it will allow us to properly forecast and negative business impacts and allow us to make appropriate modifications. We believe that because over 55% of Butler’s business is in home improvement, economic downturns should not impact them as much as other businesses. Also, by now being able to take advantage of the 2 net 30 discount, the company will be able to instantly lower expenses and increase net income. 5. Character: The character of Mark Butler is strong and it is believed that he would be a conscientious borrower. He is an extremely hard worker and takes a lot of pride in his business. He knows the business inside and out and possesses sound judgment. He is well respected by his peers. All of this things make him a strong candidate for lending, because it appears that he will do everything in his power in order to pay this loan back and on time. This includes tapping into personal equity form his home, his life insurance policy, or the interest that his wife has in a separate property.